{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:35:25Z","timestamp":1791020125595,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]],"date-time":"2004-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1103673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]],"date-time":"2004-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1103673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The genome of <jats:italic>Protochlamydia amoebophila<\/jats:italic> UWE25, a <jats:italic>Parachlamydia<\/jats:italic>-related endosymbiont of free-living amoebae, was recently published, providing the opportunity to search for genomic islands (GIs).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>On the residual cumulative G+C content curve, a G+C-rich 19-kb region was observed. This sequence is part of a 100-kb chromosome region, containing 100 highly co-oriented ORFs, flanked by two 17-bp direct repeats. Two identical <jats:italic>gly-tRNA<\/jats:italic> genes in tandem are present at the proximal end of this genetic element. Several mobility genes encoding transposases and bacteriophage-related proteins are located within this chromosome region. Thus, this region largely fulfills the criteria of GIs. The G+C content analysis shows that several modules compose this GI. Surprisingly, one of them encodes all genes essential for F-like conjugative DNA transfer (<jats:italic>traF<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>traG<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>traH<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>traN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>traU<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>traW<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>trbC<\/jats:italic>), involved in sex pilus retraction and mating pair stabilization, strongly suggesting that, similarly to the other F-like operons, the parachlamydial <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> unit is devoted to DNA transfer. A close relatedness of this <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> unit to F-like <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> operons involved in conjugative transfer is confirmed by phylogenetic analyses performed on concatenated genes and gene order conservation. These analyses and that of <jats:italic>gly-tRNA<\/jats:italic> distribution in 140 GIs suggest a proteobacterial origin of the parachlamydial <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> unit.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>A GI of the UWE25 chromosome encodes a potentially functional F-like DNA conjugative system. This is the first hint of a putative conjugative system in chlamydiae. Conjugation most probably occurs within free-living amoebae, that may contain hundreds of <jats:italic>Parachlamydia<\/jats:italic> bacteria tightly packed in vacuoles. Such a conjugative system might be involved in DNA transfer between internalized bacteria. Since this system is absent from the sequenced genomes of <jats:italic>Chlamydiaceae<\/jats:italic>, we hypothesize that it was acquired after the divergence between <jats:italic>Parachlamydiaceae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chlamydiaceae<\/jats:italic>, when the <jats:italic>Parachlamydia<\/jats:italic>-related symbiont was an intracellular bacteria. It suggests that this heterologous DNA was acquired from a phylogenetically-distant bacteria sharing an amoebal vacuole. Since <jats:italic>Parachlamydiaceae<\/jats:italic> are emerging agents of pneumonia, this GI might be involved in pathogenicity. In future, conjugative systems might be developed as genetic tools for <jats:italic>Chlamydiales<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-4-48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]],"date-time":"2005-01-12T19:28:03Z","timestamp":1105558083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A genomic island present along the bacterial chromosome of the Parachlamydiaceae UWE25, an obligate amoebal endosymbiont, encodes a potentially functional F-like conjugative DNA transfer system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Greub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Collyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude-Alain","family":"Roten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.1.115-121.1997","volume":"63","author":"R Amann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Amann R, Springer N, Schonhuber W, Ludwig W, Schmid EN, Muller KD, Michel R: Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of Acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997, 63: 115-21.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0806.010210","volume":"8","author":"G Greub","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greub G, Raoult D: Parachlamydiaceae: potential emerging pathogens. 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