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Sulfonamide resistance in <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> is mediated by altered chromosomal <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> genes. At least some <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> alleles conferring resistance have been horizontally acquired from other species, presumably from commensal <jats:italic>Neisseriae<\/jats:italic>. In this work, the DNA sequence surrounding <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> in commensal <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> species was determined and compared to corresponding regions in pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseriae<\/jats:italic>, in order to elucidate the potential for inter-species DNA transfer within this region.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The upstream region of <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> displayed differences in gene order between species, including an insertion of a complete Correia element in <jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic> and an inversion of a larger genomic segment in <jats:italic>Neisseria sicca<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Neisseria subflava<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neisseria mucosa<\/jats:italic>. The latter species also had DNA uptake signal sequences (DUS) in this region that were one base different from the DUS in pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseriae<\/jats:italic>. Another interesting finding was evidence of a horizontal transfer event from <jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Neisseria cinerea<\/jats:italic> that introduced a novel <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> allele to the meningococcal population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Genetic recombination events immediately upstream of <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> and horizontal transfer have resulted in sequence differences in the <jats:italic>folP<\/jats:italic> region between the <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> species. This variability could be a consequence of the selective pressure on this region exerted by the use of sulfonamide drugs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,24]],"date-time":"2006-02-24T07:30:36Z","timestamp":1140766236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Variations in gene organization and DNA uptake signal sequence in the folP region between commensal and pathogenic Neisseria species"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Qvarnstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gote","family":"Swedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"224_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026159","volume":"16","author":"EC Holmes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Holmes EC, Urwin R, Maiden MC: The influence of recombination on the population structure and evolution of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. 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