{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:05:06Z","timestamp":1791119106376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic> can usually be distinguished by standard microbiological methods (e.g., motility, hemolysis, penicillin susceptibility and susceptibility to gamma phage) and PCR. However, we have identified 23 <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. isolates that gave discrepant results when assayed by standard microbiological methods and PCR. We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST), and phenotypic analysis to characterize these isolates, determine if they cluster phylogenetically and establish whether standard microbiological identification or PCR were associated with false positive\/negative results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Six isolates were LRN real-time PCR-positive but resistant to gamma phage; MLVA data supported the identification of these isolates as gamma phage-resistant <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. Seventeen isolates were LRN real-time PCR-negative but susceptible to gamma phage lysis; these isolates appear to be a group of unusual gamma phage-susceptible <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic> isolates that are closely related to each other and to <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. All six <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> MLVA chromosomal loci were amplified from one unusual gamma phage-susceptible, motile, <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic> isolate (although the amplicons were atypical sizes), and when analyzed phylogenetically, clustered with <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> by MLST.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>MLVA and MLST aided in the identification of these isolates when standard microbiological methods and PCR could not definitely identify or rule out <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. This study emphasized the need to perform multiple tests when attempting to identify <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> since relying on a single assay remains problematic due to the diverse nature of bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,10]],"date-time":"2006-03-10T19:16:35Z","timestamp":1142018195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Molecular approaches to identify and differentiate Bacillus anthracis from phenotypically similar Bacillus species isolates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chung K","family":"Marston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay E","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex R","family":"Hoffmaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.7.2426-2438.2005","volume":"187","author":"SR Gill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gill SR, Fouts DE, Archer GL, Mongodin EF, DeBoy RT, Ravel J, Paulsen IT, Kolonay JF, Brinkac L, Beanan M, Dodson RJ, Daugherty SC, Madupu R, Angiuoli SV, Durkin AS, Haft DH, Vamathevan J, Khouri H, Utterback T, Lee C, Dimitrov G, Jiang L, Qin H, Weidman J, Tran K, Kang K, Hance IR, Nelson KE, Fraser CM: Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain. 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