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Well-to-well variation between cell-line based\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      assays is practically unavoidable, and variation between individual animals is the cause of large deviations in the observed capacity for infection when animal models are used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>One way to circumvent this problem is to carry out virulence studies as competition assays between 2 or more strains. This, however, requires invasion-neutral markers that enable easy discrimination between the different strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A fluorescent marker system, allowing visualization and identification of single\n                      <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells as well as colonies in a non-destructive manner, was developed. Five different fluorescent labels are available, and allowed simultaneous visual discrimination between three differently labelled strains at the single cell level by use of fluorescence microscopy. More than 90% of the\n                      <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      host cells maintained the fluorescence tags for 40 generations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The fluorescence tags did not alter the invasive capacity of the\n                      <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells in a traditional Caco-2 cell invasion assay, and visual discrimination between invaded bacteria carrying different fluorescent labels inside the cells was possible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The constructed fluorescent marker system is stable, easy to use, does not affect the virulence of\n                      <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Caco-2 cell assays, and allows discrimination between differently labelled bacteria after internalization in these cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-86","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]],"date-time":"2006-10-03T14:26:19Z","timestamp":1159885579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Construction of a multiple fluorescence labelling system for use in co-invasion studies of Listeria monocytogenes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jens B","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bent B","family":"Roldgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel B","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjarke B","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine R","family":"Licht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.3.476-511.1991","volume":"55","author":"JM Farber","year":"1991","unstructured":"Farber JM, Peterkin PI: Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. 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