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It has been reported that human neutrophils phagocytose motile borreliae through an unconventional mechanism (tube phagocytosis) which is not observed with non-motile borreliae. Therefore, it would be of great interest to visualise the bacteria by a method not affecting motility and viability of borreliae to be able to study their interaction with the cells of the innate immunity. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labelling has been previously used for studying the adhesion of labelled bacteria to host cells and the uptake of labelled substrates by various cells using flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, CFSE was shown to efficiently stain different genospecies of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>without affecting bacterial viability or motility. Use of CFSE staining allowed subsequent quantification of borreliae associated with human neutrophils with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. As a result, no difference in association between different borrelial genospecies (<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto,<jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Borrelia garinii<\/jats:italic>), or between borreliae and the pyogenic bacterium<jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>, with neutrophils could be detected. Borrelial virulence, on the other hand, affected association with neutrophils, with significantly higher association of a non-virulent mutant<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto strain compared to the parental virulent wild type strain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that the flow cytometric assay using CFSE labelled borreliae is a valuable tool in the analysis of the interaction between borreliae and human neutrophils. The results also indicate a clear difference in the association with neutrophils between virulent and non-virulent borrelial strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]],"date-time":"2006-10-18T18:15:39Z","timestamp":1161195339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Use of CFSE staining of borreliae in studies on the interaction between borreliae and human neutrophils"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Tuominen-Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Penttinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Hyt\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti K","family":"Viljanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"305_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","volume":"345","author":"AC Steere","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steere AC: Lyme disease. 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