{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T18:51:42Z","timestamp":1788202302308,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Group A streptococcus (GAS) causes a wide variety of life threatening diseases in humans and the incidence of such infections is high in developing countries like India. Although distribution of <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types of GAS in India has been described, there is a lack of data describing either the comparative distribution of <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types in throat versus skin isolates, or the distribution of certain virulence factors amongst these isolates. Therefore in the present study we have monitored the <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> type pattern of Group A streptococcus throat and skin isolates from India. Additionally, the association of these isolates with closely related <jats:italic>sic<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic>), a multifunctional compliment binding virulence factor, was also explored.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 94 (46 throat and 48 skin) isolates analyzed, 37 <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types were identified. The most frequently observed <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types were <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>49 (8.5%) and <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>112 (7.5%) followed by 6.5% each of <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>1-2, <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>75, <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>77, and <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>81. Out of 37 <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types, 27 have been previously reported and rest were isolated for the first time in the Indian Community. The predominant <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types of throat (<jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>49 and <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>75) samples were different from those of skin (<jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>44, <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>81 and <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>112) samples. After screening all the 94 isolates, the <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic> gene was found in six <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>1-2 (<jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic>1-2) isolates, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing and expression analysis. Despite the polymorphic nature of <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic>, no intravariation was observed within <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic>1-2. However, insertions and deletions of highly variable sizes were noticed in comparison to CRS isolated from other <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> types (<jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>1.0, <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>57). CRS1-2 showed maximum homology with CRS57, but the genomic location of <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic>1-2 was found to be the same as that of <jats:italic>sic<\/jats:italic>1.0. Further, among <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic> positive isolates, <jats:italic>spe<\/jats:italic>A was only present in skin samples thus suggesting possible role of <jats:italic>spe<\/jats:italic>A in tissue tropism.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Despite the diversity in <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> type pattern of throat and skin isolates, no significant association between <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> type and source of isolation was observed. The finding that the <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic> gene is highly conserved even in two different variants of <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>1-2 GAS (<jats:italic>spe<\/jats:italic>A +ve and -ve) suggests a single allele of <jats:italic>crs<\/jats:italic> may be prevalent in the highly diverse throat and skin isolates of GAS in India.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]],"date-time":"2008-09-16T19:55:14Z","timestamp":1221594914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Comparative analysis of emmtype pattern of Group A Streptococcus throat and skin isolates from India and their association with closely related SIC, a streptococcal virulence factor"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vivek","family":"Sagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmal K","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Chakraborti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"583_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.470-511.2000","volume":"13","author":"MW Cunningham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cunningham MW: Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. 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