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Herein we outline a patho-biotechnology strategy to improve gastric delivery and host adaptation of a probiotic strain<jats:italic>Bifidobacterium breve<\/jats:italic>UCC2003 and the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) organism<jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic>NZ9000.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>bile tolerance of both strains was significantly enhanced (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001), following heterologous expression of the<jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>bile resistance mechanism BilE. Strains harbouring<jats:italic>bilE<\/jats:italic>were also recovered at significantly higher levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001), than control strains from the faeces and intestines of mice (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 5), following oral inoculation. Furthermore, a<jats:italic>B. breve<\/jats:italic>strain expressing<jats:italic>bilE<\/jats:italic>demonstrated increased efficacy relative to the wild-type strain in reducing oral<jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>infection in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collectively the data indicates that bile tolerance can be enhanced in<jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lactococcus<\/jats:italic>species through rational genetic manipulation and that this can significantly improve delivery to and colonisation of the GI tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,7]],"date-time":"2009-08-07T09:34:13Z","timestamp":1249637653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Enhancing bile tolerance improves survival and persistence of Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus in the murine gastrointestinal tract"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Debbie","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy D","family":"Sleator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cormac GM","family":"Gahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"609_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19980108","volume":"80","author":"S Salminen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Salminen S, Bouley C, Bouton-Ruault MC, Cummings JH, Franck A, Gibson GR, Isolauri E, Moreau MC, Roberfroid M, Rowland I: Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. 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