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However, the virulence mechanisms of this organism are not well characterized. <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>novicida<\/jats:italic>, which is an equally virulent subspecies in mice, was used in concert with a microPET scanner to better understand its temporal dissemination in vivo upon intranasal infection and how such dissemination compares with other routes of infection. Adult mice were inoculated intranasally with <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>novicida<\/jats:italic> radiolabeled with <jats:sup>64<\/jats:sup>Cu and imaged by microPET at 0.25, 2 and 20 hours post-infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:sup>64<\/jats:sup>Cu labeled <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>novicida<\/jats:italic> administered intranasally or intratracheally were visualized in the respiratory tract and stomach at 0.25 hours post infection. By 20 hours, there was significant tropism to the lung compared with other tissues. In contrast, the images of radiolabeled <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>novicida<\/jats:italic> when administered intragastrically, intradermally, intraperitoneally and intravenouslly were more generally limited to the gastrointestinal system, site of inoculation, liver and spleen respectively. MicroPET images correlated with the biodistribution of isotope and bacterial burdens in analyzed tissues.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings suggest that Francisella has a differential tissue tropism depending on the route of entry and that the virulence of Francisella by the pulmonary route is associated with a rapid bacteremia and an early preferential tropism to the lung. In addition, the use of the microPET device allowed us to identify the cecum as a novel site of colonization of <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>novicida<\/jats:italic> in mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,10]],"date-time":"2008-12-10T07:14:00Z","timestamp":1228893240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Rapid dissemination of Francisella tularensisand the effect of route of infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sandra S","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng J","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris A","family":"Mares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingtung A","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth G","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Jerabek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy M","family":"Teale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"648_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.1.600-606.2003","volume":"69","author":"H Abd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abd H, Johansson T, Golovliov I, Sandstrom G, Forsman M: Survival and growth of Francisella tularensis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. 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