{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:35:20Z","timestamp":1791178520130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The obligate intracellular growing bacterium <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> causes diseases like trachoma, urogenital infection and lymphogranuloma venereum with severe morbidity. Several serovars and genotypes have been identified, but these could not be linked to clinical disease or outcome. The related <jats:italic>Chlamydophila pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, of which no subtypes are recognized, causes respiratory infections worldwide. We developed a multi locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme to understand the population genetic structure and diversity of these species and to evaluate the association between genotype and disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A collection of 26 strains of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> of different serovars and clinical presentation and 18 strains of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were included in the study. For comparison, sequences of <jats:italic>C. abortus, C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. pecorum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Chlamydophila<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>) and of <jats:italic>Candidatus protochlamydia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Simkania negevensis<\/jats:italic> were also included. Sequences of fragments (400 \u2013 500 base pairs) from seven housekeeping genes (<jats:italic>enoA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>fumC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gatA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gidA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>hemN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>hlfX<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>oppA<\/jats:italic>) were analysed. Analysis of allelic profiles by eBurst revealed three non-overlapping clonal complexes among the <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> strains, while the <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> strains formed a single group. An UPGMA tree produced from the allelic profiles resulted in three groups of sequence types. The LGV strains grouped in a single cluster, while the urogenital strains were distributed over two separated groups, one consisted solely of strains with frequent occurring serovars (E, D and F). The distribution of the different serovars over the three groups was not consistent, suggesting exchange of serovar encoding <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> sequences. In one instance, exchange of <jats:italic>fumC<\/jats:italic> sequences between strains of different groups was observed. Cluster analyses of concatenated sequences of the Chlamydophila and Chlamydia species together with those of <jats:italic>Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Simkania negevensis<\/jats:italic> resulted in a tree identical to that obtained with 23S RNA gene sequences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These data show that <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> are highly uniform. The difference in genetic diversity between <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is in concordance with a later assimilation to the human host of the latter. Our data supports the taxonomy of the order of <jats:italic>Chlamydiales<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T19:14:14Z","timestamp":1205867654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Multi locus sequence typing of Chlamydiales: clonal groupings within the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Pannekoek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barica","family":"Kusecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servaas A","family":"Morr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobus M","family":"Ossewaarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankie A","family":"Langerak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie","family":"van der Ende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.006395","volume":"80","author":"J Spaargaren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spaargaren J, Verhaest I, Mooij S, Smit C, Fennema HS, Coutinho RA, Salvador Pena A, Morre SA: Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis. serovar distribution changes in the Netherlands (1986\u20132002). Sex Transm Infect. 2004, 80: 151-152. 10.1136\/sti.2003.006395.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"475_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.4.791","volume":"152","author":"SP Wang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wang SP, Kuo CC, Barnes RC, Stephens RS, Grayston JT: Immunotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal antibodies. J Infect Dis. 1985, 152: 791-800.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"475_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.12.2968-2974.1994","volume":"32","author":"JM Ossewaarde","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ossewaarde JM, Rieffe M, de Vries A, Derksen-Nawrocki RP, Hooft HJ, van Doornum GJ, van Loon AM: Comparison of two panels of monoclonal antibodies for determination of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars. J Clin Microbiol. 1994, 32: 2968-2974.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.5.1103","volume":"163","author":"EH Frost","year":"1991","unstructured":"Frost EH, Deslandes S, Veilleux S, Bourgaux-Ramoisy D: Typing Chlamydia trachomatis by detection of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein. J Infect Dis. 1991, 163: 1103-1107.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"475_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04392.x","volume":"67","author":"C Sayada","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sayada C, Denamur E, Orfila J, Catalan F, Elion J: Rapid genotyping of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein by the polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991, 67: 73-78. 10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04392.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"475_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.6.1132-1136.1991","volume":"29","author":"P Rodriguez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rodriguez P, Vekris A, de Barbeyrac B, Dutilh B, Bonnet J, Bebear C: Typing of Chlamydia trachomatis by restriction endonuclease analysis of the amplified major outer membrane protein gene. J Clin Microbiol. 1991, 29: 1132-1136.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.451","volume":"8","author":"CC Kuo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kuo CC, Jackson LA, Campbell LA, Grayston JT: Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995, 8: 451-461.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"475_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2003.50006","volume":"18","author":"LA Campbell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campbell LA, Kuo CC: Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2003, 18: 48-54. 10.1053\/srin.2003.50006.","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"475_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.02.050","volume":"43","author":"FF Mussa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mussa FF, Chai H, Wang X, Yao Q, Lumsden AB, Chen C: Chlamydia pneumoniae and vascular disease : an update. J Vasc Surg. 2006, 43: 1301-7. 10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.02.050.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"475_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S402","DOI":"10.1086\/315596","volume":"181","author":"JT Grayston","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grayston JT: Background and current knowledge of Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. J Infect Dis. 2000, 181: S402-S410. 10.1086\/315596.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"475_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-415","volume":"49","author":"KDE Everett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Everett KDE, Bush RM, Andersen AA: Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of ParaChlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999, 49: 415-440.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"475_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-1-203","volume":"51","author":"RM Bush","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bush RM, Everett KD: Molecular evolution of the Chlamydiaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001, 51: 203-220.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-1-149","volume":"50","author":"B Herrmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herrmann B, Pettersson B, Everett KD, Mikkelsen NE, Kirsebom LA: Characterization of the rnpB gene and RNase P RNA in the order Chlamydiales. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000, 50: 149-58.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5674706","volume":"17","author":"JP Gomes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gomes JP, Bruno WJ, Nunes A, Santos N, Florindo C, Borrego MJ, Dean D: Evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis diversity occurs by widespread interstrain recombination involving hotspots. Genome Res. 2007, 17: 50-60. 10.1101\/gr.5674706.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"475_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.578-585.2006","volume":"74","author":"BW Brunelle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brunelle BW, Sensabaugh GF: The ompA gene in Chlamydia trachomatis differs in phylogeny and rate of evolution from other regions of the genome. Infect Immun. 2006, 74: 578-585. 10.1128\/IAI.74.1.578-585.2006.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"475_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121325","volume":"60","author":"MCJ Maiden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maiden MCJ: Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006, 60: 561-588. 10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121325.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3140","volume":"95","author":"MC Maiden","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Feil E, Morelli G, Russell JE, Urwin R, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Zurth K, Caugant DA, Feavers IM, Achtman M, Spratt BG: Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 3140-3145. 10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3140.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"475_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-11-3049","volume":"144","author":"MC Enright","year":"1998","unstructured":"Enright MC, Spratt BG: A multilocus sequence typing scheme for Streptococcus pneumoniae : identification of clones associated with serious invasive disease. Microbiology. 1998, 144: 3049-60.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"475_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1236","volume":"3","author":"D Gevers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gevers D, Cohan FM, Lawrence JG, Spratt BG, Coenye T, Feil EJ, Stackebrandt E, Van de Peer Y, Vandamme P, Thompson FL, Swings J: Opinion: Re-evaluating prokaryotic species. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005, 3: 733-739. 10.1038\/nrmicro1236.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1926","volume":"361","author":"WP Hanage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanage WP, Spratt BG, Turner KM, Fraser C: Modelling bacterial speciation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006, 361: 2039-2044. 10.1098\/rstb.2006.1926.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"475_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02301-06","volume":"45","author":"M Klint","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klint M, Fuxelius HH, Goldkuhl RR, Skarin H, Rutemark C, Andersson SG, Persson K, Herrmann B: High-Resolution Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis Strains by Multilocus Sequence Analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007, 45: 1410-1414. 10.1128\/JCM.02301-06.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043","volume":"96","author":"M Achtman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Achtman M, Zurth K, Morelli G, Torrea G, Guiyoule A, Carniel E: Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 14043-14048. 10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"475_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2004.06.028","volume":"294","author":"M Achtman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Achtman M: Population structure of pathogenic bacteria revisited. Int J Med Microbiol. 2004, 294: 67-73. 10.1016\/j.ijmm.2004.06.028.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17837","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408026101","volume":"101","author":"M Achtman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Achtman M, Morelli G, Zhu P, Wirth T, Diehl I, Kusecek B, Vogler AJ, Wagner DM, Allender CJ, Easterday WR, Chenal-Francisque V, Worsham P, Thomson NR, Parkhill J, Lindler LE, Carniel E, Keim P: Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 17837-17842. 10.1073\/pnas.0408026101.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"475_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9869","volume":"94","author":"S Sreevatsan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer KE, Connell ND, Kreiswirth BN, Whittam TS, Musser JM: Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 9869-9874. 10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9869.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"475_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-355","volume":"8","author":"T Rattei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rattei T, Ott S, Gutacker M, Rupp J, Maass M, Schreiber S, Solbach W, Wirth T, Gieffers J: Genetic diversity of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila pneumoniae by genome-wide analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms : evidence for highly clonal population structure. BMC Genomics. 2007, 8: 355-346. 10.1186\/1471-2164-8-355.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"475_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.1.275-286.2006","volume":"188","author":"JP Gomes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gomes JP, Nunes A, Bruno WJ, Borrego MJ, Florindo C, Dean D: Polymorphisms in the nine polymorphic membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis across all serovars: evidence for serovar Da recombination and correlation with tissue tropism. J Bacteriol. 2006, 188: 275-286. 10.1128\/JB.188.1.275-286.2006.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"475_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117347","volume":"94","author":"R Brunham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brunham R, Yang C, Maclean I, Kimani J, Maitha G, Plummer F: Chlamydia trachomatis from individuals in a sexually transmitted disease core group exhibit frequent sequence variation in the major outer membrane protein (omp1) gene. J Clin Invest. 1994, 94: 458-463. 10.1172\/JCI117347.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"475_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.20.5997-6008.2001","volume":"183","author":"KL Millman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Millman KL, Tavare S, Dean D: Recombination in the ompA gene but not the omcB gene of Chlamydia contributes to serovar-specific differences in tissue tropism, immune surveillance, and persistence of the organism. J Bacteriol. 2001, 183: 5997-6008. 10.1128\/JB.183.20.5997-6008.2001.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"475_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.12.5659-5663.1994","volume":"62","author":"LJ Hayes","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hayes LJ, Yearsley P, Treharne JD, Ballard RA, Fehler GH, Ward ME: Evidence for naturally occurring recombination in the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein of lymphogranuloma venereum isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun. 1994, 62: 5659-5663.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"475_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4654-4656.2001","volume":"69","author":"Y Pannekoek","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pannekoek Y, van der Ende A, Eijk PP, van Marle J, de Witte MA, Ossewaarde JM, van den Brule AJ, Morre SA, Dankert J: Normal IncA expression and fusogenicity of inclusions in Chlamydia trachomatis isolates with the incA I47T mutation. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 4654-4656. 10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4654-4656.2001.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"475_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.5.1060-1065.1993","volume":"31","author":"J Lan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lan J, Walboomers JM, Roosendaal R, van Doornum GJ, MacLaren DM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ: Direct detection and genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical scrapes by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 1993, 31: 1060-1065.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.15.4469-4475.1999","volume":"181","author":"A Meijer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meijer A, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Savelkoul PH, Ossewaarde JM: Genomic relatedness of Chlamydia isolates determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Bacteriol. 1999, 181: 4469-4475.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"475_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3915-3919.2001","volume":"39","author":"M Jurstrand","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jurstrand M, Falk L, Fredlund H, Lindberg M, Olc\u00e9n P, Andersson S, Persson K, Albert J, B\u00e4ckman A: Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 genotypes among sexually transmitted disease patients in Sweden. J Clin Microbiol. 2001, 39: 3915-3919. 10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3915-3919.2001.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.3077-3078.1998","volume":"36","author":"SA Morr\u00e9","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morr\u00e9 SA, Moes R, Van Valkengoed I, Boeke JP, van Eijk JT, Meijer CJ, Van den Brule AJ: Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens will facilitate large epidemiological studies. J Clin Microbiol. 1998, 36: 3077-3078.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754","volume":"282","author":"RS Stephens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stephens RS, Kalman S, Lammel CJ, Fan J, Marathe R, Aravind L, Mitchell WP, Olinger L, Tatusov RL, Zhao Q, Koonin EV, Davis RW: Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis. Science. 1998, 282: 754-759. 10.1126\/science.282.5389.754.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"475_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005","volume":"73","author":"JH Carlson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carlson JH, Porcella SF, McClarty G, Caldwell HD: Comparative Genomic Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis Oculotropic and Genitotropic Strains. Infect Immun. 2005, 73: 6407-6418. 10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"475_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/7716","volume":"21","author":"S Kalman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kalman S, Mitchell W, Marathe R, Lammel C, Fan J, Hyman RW, Olinger L, Grimwood J, Davis RW, Stephens RS: Comparative genomes of Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. Nat Genet. 1999, 21: 385-389. 10.1038\/7716.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"475_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.6.1397","volume":"28","author":"T Read","year":"2000","unstructured":"Read T, Brunham R, Shen C, Gill S, Heidelberg J, White O, Hickey E, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K, Bass S, Linher K, Weidman J, Khouri H, Craven B, Bowman C, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Nelson W, DeBoy R, Kolonay J, McClarty G, Salzberg S, Eisen J, Fraser C: Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28: 1397-1406. 10.1093\/nar\/28.6.1397.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"475_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.2311","volume":"28","author":"M Shirai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shirai M, Hirakawa H, Kimoto M, Tabuchi M, Kishi F, Ouchi K, Shiba T, Ishii K, Hattori M, Kuhara S, Nakazawa T: Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28: 2311-23144. 10.1093\/nar\/28.12.2311.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"475_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3684805","volume":"15","author":"NR Thomson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomson NR, Yeats C, Bell K, Holden MT, Bentley SD, Livingstone M, Cerdeno-Tarraga AM, Harris B, Doggett J, Ormond D, Mungall K, Clarke K, Feltwell T, Hance Z, Sanders M, Quail MA, Price C, Barrell BG, Parkhill J, Longbottom D: The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation. Genome Res. 2005, 15: 629-640. 10.1101\/gr.3684805.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"475_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg321","volume":"31","author":"TD Read","year":"2003","unstructured":"Read TD, Myers GS, Brunham RC, Nelson WC, Paulsen IT, Heidelberg J, Holtzapple E, Khouri H, Federova NB, Carty HA, Umayam LA, Haft DH, Peterson J, Beanan MJ, White O, Salzberg SL, Hsia RC, McClarty G, Rank RG, Bavoil PM, Fraser CM: Genome sequence of Chlamydophila caviae (Chlamydia psittaci GPIC):examining the role of niche-specific genes in the evolution of the Chlamydiaceae. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003, 31: 2134-2147. 10.1093\/nar\/gkg321.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"475_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsi027","volume":"13","author":"Y Azuma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Azuma Y, Hirakawa H, Yamashita A, Cai Y, Rahman MA, Suzuki H, Mitaku S, Toh H, Goto S, Murakami T, Sugi K, Hayashi H, Fukushi H, Hattori M, Kuhara S, Shirai M: Genome sequence of the cat pathogen, Chlamydophila felis. DNA Res. 2006, 13: 15-23. 10.1093\/dnares\/dsi027.","journal-title":"DNA Res"},{"key":"475_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.3.495-503.1990","volume":"28","author":"R Boom","year":"1990","unstructured":"Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der Noordaa J: Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol. 1990, 28: 495-503.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"475_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg359","volume":"19","author":"J Rozas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rozas J, Sanches-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R: DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics. 2003, 19: 2496-2497. 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg359.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"475_CR46","unstructured":"[http:\/\/pubmlst.org\/analysis\/]"},{"key":"475_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.5.1518-1530.2004","volume":"186","author":"EJ Feil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feil EJ, Li BC, Aanensen DM, Hanage WP, Spratt BG: eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes from multilocus sequence typing data. J Bacteriol. 2004, 186: 1518-1530. 10.1128\/JB.186.5.1518-1530.2004.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"475_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.11.015","volume":"241","author":"BG Spratt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spratt BG, Hanage WP, Li B, Aanensen DM, Feil EJ: Displaying the relatedness among isolates of bacterial species \u2013 the eBURST approach. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004, 241: 129-134. 10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.11.015.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"475_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj030","volume":"23","author":"DH Huson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huson DH, Bryant D: Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol. 2006, 23: 254-267. 10.1093\/molbev\/msj030.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"475_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/5.2.150","volume":"5","author":"S Kumar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M: MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2004, 5: 150-163. 10.1093\/bib\/5.2.150.","journal-title":"Briefings in Bioinformatics"},{"key":"475_CR51","unstructured":"[http:\/\/www.noe-epg.uni-wuerzburg.de]"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2180-8-42.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T10:09:25Z","timestamp":1630490965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2180-8-42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-8-42","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"42"}}