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Cattle are considered the main reservoir for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> O157. Significant associations between livestock related exposures and human infection have been identified in a number of studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Animal Studies:<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>There were no statistically significant differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.831) in the mean farm-level prevalence between the two studies (SEERAD: 0.218 (95%CI: 0.141-0.32); IPRAVE: 0.205 (95%CI: 0.135-0.296)). However, the mean pat-level prevalence decreased from 0.089 (95%CI: 0.075-0.105) to 0.040 (95%CI: 0.028-0.053) between the SEERAD and IPRAVE studies respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Highly significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) reductions in mean pat-level prevalence were also observed in the spring, in the North East and Central Scotland, and in the shedding of phage type (PT) 21\/28. <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Human Cases:<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>Contrasting the same time periods, there was a decline in the overall comparative annual reported incidence of human cases as well as in all the major PT groups except 'Other' PTs. For both cattle and humans, the predominant phage type between 1998 and 2004 was PT21\/28 comprising over 50% of the positive cattle isolates and reported human cases respectively. The proportion of PT32, however, was represented by few (&lt;5%) of reported human cases despite comprising over 10% of cattle isolates. Across the two studies there were differences in the proportion of PTs 21\/28, 32 and 'Other' PTs in both cattle isolates and reported human cases; however, only differences in the cattle isolates were statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There was no significant decrease in the mean farm-level prevalence of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> O157 between 1998 and 2004 in Scotland, despite significant declines in mean pat-level prevalence. Although there were declines in the number of human cases between the two study periods, there is no statistically significant evidence that the overall rate (per 100,000 population) of human <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> O157 infections in Scotland over the last 10 years has altered. Comparable patterns in the distribution of PTs 21\/28 and 32 between cattle and humans support a hypothesized link between the bovine reservoir and human infections. This emphasizes the need to apply and improve methods to reduce bovine shedding of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> O157 in Scotland where rates appear higher in both cattle and human populations, than in other countries.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]],"date-time":"2009-12-30T07:14:30Z","timestamp":1262157270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Temporal and spatial patterns of bovine Escherichia coli O157 prevalence and comparison of temporal changes in the patterns of phage types associated with bovine shedding and human E. coliO157 cases in Scotland between 1998-2000 and 2002-2004"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael C","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo E","family":"Chase-Topping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain J","family":"McKendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic J","family":"Mellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Locking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen E","family":"Ternent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel I","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair W","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barti A","family":"Synge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Christopher","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart WJ","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George J","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark EJ","family":"Woolhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"947_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.1.15","volume":"2","author":"MA Karmali","year":"1989","unstructured":"Karmali MA: Infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. 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