{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:08:37Z","timestamp":1789625317494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Burkholderia mallei<\/jats:italic> is a zoonotic Gram negative bacterium which primarily infects solipeds but can cause lethal disease in humans if left untreated. The effect of two antibiotics with different modes of action on <jats:italic>Burkholderia mallei<\/jats:italic> strain ATCC23344 was investigated by using <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> was done by the agar diffusion method and the dilution method. The MICs of levofloxacin and ceftazidime were in the similar range, 2.5 and 5.0 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. Intracellular susceptibility of the bacterium to these two antibiotics in J774A.1 mouse macrophages <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> was also investigated. Macrophages treated with antibiotics demonstrated uptake of the drugs and reduced bacterial loads <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The efficacy of ceftazidime and levofloxacin were studied in BALB\/c mice as post-exposure treatment following intranasal <jats:italic>B. mallei<\/jats:italic> infection. Intranasal infection with 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> CFUs of <jats:italic>B. mallei<\/jats:italic> resulted in 90% death in non-treated control mice. Antibiotic treatments 10 days post-infection proved to be effective <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> with all antibiotic treated mice surviving to day 34 post-infection. The antibiotics did not result in complete clearance of the bacterial infection and presence of the bacteria was found in lungs and spleens of the survivors, although bacterial burden recovered from levofloxacin treated animals appeared reduced compared to ceftazidime.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Both antibiotics demonstrated utility for the treatment of glanders, including the ability for intracellular penetration and clearance of organisms <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-88","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,9]],"date-time":"2009-05-09T18:57:04Z","timestamp":1241895424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of Burkholderia mallei to Ceftazidime and Levofloxacin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Barbara M","family":"Judy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory C","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo G","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D Mark","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00949.x","volume":"277","author":"GC Whitlock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whitlock GC, Estes DM, Torres AG: Glanders: off to the races with Burkholderia mallei. 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