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Although the venoms of most species of the snake genus<jats:italic>Bungarus<\/jats:italic>have been well characterized, a detailed compositional analysis of<jats:italic>B. flaviceps<\/jats:italic>is currently lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we have sequenced 845 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the venom gland of a<jats:italic>B. flaviceps<\/jats:italic>. Of the transcripts, 74.8% were putative toxins; 20.6% were cellular; and 4.6% were unknown. The main venom protein families identified were three-finger toxins (3FTxs), Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (including chain B of \u03b2-bungarotoxin), phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(including chain A of \u03b2-bungarotoxin), natriuretic peptide (NP), CRISPs, and C-type lectin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 3FTxs were found to be the major component of the venom (39%). We found eight groups of unique 3FTxs and most of them were different from the well-characterized 3FTxs. We found three groups of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (SPIs); one group was comparable to the classical SPIs and the other two groups to chain B of \u03b2-bungarotoxins (with or without the extra cysteine) based on sequence identity. The latter group may be functional equivalents of dendrotoxins in<jats:italic>Bungarus<\/jats:italic>venoms. The natriuretic peptide (NP) found is the first NP for any Asian elapid, and distantly related to Australian elapid NPs. Our study identifies several unique toxins in<jats:italic>B. flaviceps<\/jats:italic>venom, which may help in understanding the evolution of venom toxins and the pathophysiological symptoms induced after envenomation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-11-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]],"date-time":"2010-04-28T18:14:48Z","timestamp":1272478488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Transcriptomic analysis of the venom gland of the red-headed krait (Bungarus flaviceps) using expressed sequence tags"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ang Swee","family":"Siang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Doley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freek J","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R Manjunatha","family":"Kini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"505_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5605","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5605","volume":"92","author":"K Nakashima","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nakashima K, Nobuhisa I, Deshimaru M, Nakai M, Ogawa T, Shimohigashi Y, et al: Accelerated evolution in the protein-coding regions is universal in crotalinae snake venom gland phospholipase A2 isozyme genes. 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