{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:54:22Z","timestamp":1792659262331,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Parkinson's disease, for which currently there is no cure, develops as a result of progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the brain; thus, identification of any potential therapeutic intervention for disease management is of a great importance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here we report that prophylactic application of water-soluble formulation of coenzyme Q<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> could effectively offset the effects of environmental neurotoxin paraquat, believed to be a contributing factor in the development of familial PD. In this study we utilized a model of paraquat-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in adult rats that received three weekly intra-peritoneal injections of the herbicide paraquat. Histological and biochemical analyses of rat brains revealed increased levels of oxidative stress markers and a loss of approximately 65% of dopamine neurons in the <jats:italic>substantia nigra<\/jats:italic> region. The paraquat-exposed rats also displayed impaired balancing skills on a slowly rotating drum (rotorod) evidenced by their reduced spontaneity in gait performance. In contrast, paraquat exposed rats receiving a water-soluble formulation of coenzyme Q<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> in their drinking water prior to and during the paraquat treatment neither developed neurodegeneration nor reduced rotorod performance and were indistinguishable from the control paraquat-untreated rats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our data confirmed that paraquat-induced neurotoxicity represents a convenient rat model of Parkinsonian neurodegeneration suitable for mechanistic and neuroprotective studies. This is the first preclinical evaluation of a water-soluble coenzyme Q<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> formulation showing the evidence of prophylactic neuroprotection at clinically relevant doses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-88","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,28]],"date-time":"2009-07-28T06:14:45Z","timestamp":1248761685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Paraquat induces oxidative stress, neuronal loss in substantia nigra region and Parkinsonism in adult rats: Neuroprotection and amelioration of symptoms by water-soluble formulation of Coenzyme Q10"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mallika","family":"Somayajulu-Ni\u0163u","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagdeep K","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Sikorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TS","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Matei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henryk","family":"Borowy-Borowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyaram","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"1092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242594999","volume":"99","author":"K Steece-Collier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steece-Collier K, Maries E, Kordower JH: Etiology of Parkinson's disease: Genetics and environment revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99 (22): 13972-13974. 10.1073\/pnas.242594999.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"1092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2004.10.009","volume":"328","author":"O Corti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Corti O, Hampe C, Darios F, Ibanez P, Ruberg A, Brice A: Parkinson's disease: from causes to mechanisms. C R Biol. 2005, 328 (2): 131-142. 10.1016\/j.crvi.2004.10.009.","journal-title":"C R Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.047829","volume":"76","author":"S Colnat-Coulbois","year":"2005","unstructured":"Colnat-Coulbois S, Gauchard GC, Maillard L, Barroche G, Vespignani H, Auque J, Perrin PP: Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves balance control in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005, 76 (6): 780-787. 10.1136\/jnnp.2004.047829.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00501-5","volume":"2","author":"DA Di Monte","year":"2003","unstructured":"Di Monte DA: The environment and Parkinson's disease: is the nigrostriatal system preferentially targeted by neurotoxins?. Lancet Neurol. 2003, 2 (9): 531-538. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00501-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10067","volume":"24","author":"R Betarbet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Betarbet R, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT: Animal models of Parkinson's disease. Bioessays. 2002, 24 (4): 308-318. 10.1002\/bies.10067.","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"1","key":"1092_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/10599240801986215","volume":"13","author":"AS Dhillon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dhillon AS, Tarbutton GL, Levin JL, Plotkin GM, Lowry LK, Nalbone JT, Shepherd S: Pesticide\/environmental exposures and Parkinson's disease in East Texas. J Agromedicine. 2008, 13 (1): 37-48. 10.1080\/10599240801986215.","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01192-5","volume":"823","author":"AI Brooks","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brooks AI, Chadwick CA, Gelbard HA, Cory-Slechta DA, Federoff HJ: Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss. Brain Res. 1999, 823 (1\u20132): 1-10. 10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01192-5.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"1092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9207","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09207.2000","volume":"20","author":"M Thiruchelvam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thiruchelvam M, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Cory-Slechta DA: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: Implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2000, 20 (24): 9207-9214.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.03.018","volume":"20","author":"F Cicchetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cicchetti F, Lapointe N, Roberge-Tremblay A, Saint-Pierre M, Jimenez L, Ficke BW, Gross RE: Systemic exposure to paraquat and maneb models early Parkinson's disease in young adult rats. Neurobiol Dis. 2005, 20 (2): 360-371. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.03.018.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"45","key":"1092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)64705-6","volume":"283","author":"M Thiruchelvam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thiruchelvam M, Prokopenko O, Cory-Slechta DA, Buckley B, Mirochnitchenko O: Overexpression of superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase protects against the paraquat + maneb-induced Parkinson disease phenotype. (vol 280, pg 22530, 2005). J Biol Chem. 2008, 283 (45): 31268-31268.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10483","volume":"53","author":"P Jenner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenner P: Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2003, 53: S26-S36. 10.1002\/ana.10483.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14186","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700827200","volume":"282","author":"PR Castello","year":"2007","unstructured":"Castello PR, Drechsel DA, Patel M: Mitochondria are a major source of paraquat-induced reactive oxygen species production in the brain. J Biol Chem. 2007, 282 (19): 14186-14193. 10.1074\/jbc.M700827200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(03)00049-9","volume":"126","author":"IQ Whishaw","year":"2003","unstructured":"Whishaw IQ, Li K, Whishaw PA, Gorny B, Metz GA: Distinct forelimb and hind limb stepping impairments in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: use of the rotorod as a method for the qualitative analysis of skilled walking. J Neurosci Methods. 2003, 126 (1): 13-23. 10.1016\/S0165-0270(03)00049-9.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-004-0052-2","volume":"4","author":"WC Koller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koller WC, Cersosimo MG: Neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: an elusive goal. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004, 4 (4): 277-283. 10.1007\/s11910-004-0052-2.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"1092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10479","volume":"53","author":"MF Beal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beal MF: Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2003, 53: S39-S47. 10.1002\/ana.10479.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1092_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.014","volume":"38","author":"SR McDonald","year":"2005","unstructured":"McDonald SR, Sohal RS, Forster MJ: Concurrent administration of coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol improves learning in aged mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005, 38 (6): 729-736. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.014.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1092_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.10.1541","volume":"59","author":"CW Shults","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, Beal MF, Haas R, Plumb S, Juncos JL, Nutt J, Shoulson I, Carter J, et al.: Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol. 2002, 59 (10): 1541-1550. 10.1001\/archneur.59.10.1541.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1092_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05097.x","volume":"104","author":"C Cleren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cleren C, Yang L, Lorenzo B, Calingasan NY, Schomer A, Sireci A, Wille EJ, Beal MF: Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) and reduced CoQ(10) in the MPTP model of Parkinsonism. J Neurochem. 2008, 104 (6): 1613-1621. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05097.x.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900020538","volume":"12","author":"AJ Young","year":"2007","unstructured":"Young AJ, Johnson S, Steffens DC, Doraiswamy PM: Coenzyme Q10: A review of its promise as a neuroprotectant. CNS Spectr. 2007, 12 (1): 62-68.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860412331285233","volume":"12","author":"H Borowy-Borowski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Borowy-Borowski H, Sodja C, Docherty J, Walker PR, Sikorska M: Unique technology for solubilization and delivery of highly lipophilic bioactive molecules. J Drug Target. 2004, 12 (7): 415-424. 10.1080\/10611860412331285233.","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"issue":"6","key":"1092_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10579","volume":"72","author":"JK Sandhu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sandhu JK, Pandey S, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Monette R, Borowy-Borowski H, Walker PR, Sikorska M: Molecular mechanisms of glutamate neurotoxicity in mixed cultures of NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes: Protective effects of coenzyme Q(10). J Neurosci Res. 2003, 72 (6): 691-703. 10.1002\/jnr.10579.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1092_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.10.021","volume":"18","author":"M Somayajulu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Somayajulu M, McCarthy S, Hung M, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S: Role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress; neuroprotection by Coenzyme Q(10). Neurobiol Dis. 2005, 18 (3): 618-627. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.10.021.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"1092_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520180220","volume":"18","author":"M Sikorska","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Zurakowski B, Walker PR: Derivatised alpha-tocopherol as a CoQ10 carrier in a novel water-soluble formulation. Biofactors. 2003, 18 (1\u20134): 173-183. 10.1002\/biof.5520180220.","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1092_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.04.019","volume":"201","author":"S McCarthy","year":"2004","unstructured":"McCarthy S, Somayajulu M, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S: Paraquat induces oxidative stress and neuronal cell death; neuroprotection by water-soluble Coenzyme Q(10). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004, 201 (1): 21-31. 10.1016\/j.taap.2004.04.019.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"1092_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.29.020178.003243","volume":"29","author":"BJ Winer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Winer BJ: Statistics and data analysis: trading bias for reduced mean squared error. Annu Rev Psychol. 1978, 29: 647-681. 10.1146\/annurev.ps.29.020178.003243.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1092_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90208-Q","volume":"190","author":"MA Baker","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baker MA, Cerniglia GJ, Zaman A: Microtiter Plate Assay for the Measurement of Glutathione and Glutathione Disulfide in Large Numbers of Biological Samples. Anal Biochem. 1990, 190 (2): 360-365. 10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90208-Q.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1092_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00401-2","volume":"163","author":"C Cereser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cereser C, Boget S, Parvaz P, Revol A: Thiram-induced cytotoxicity is accompanied by a rapid and drastic oxidation of reduced glutathione with consecutive lipid peroxidation and cell death. Toxicology. 2001, 163 (2\u20133): 153-162. 10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00401-2.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"16","key":"1092_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4912","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01597.x","volume":"267","author":"R Dringen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dringen R, Gutterer JM, Hirrlinger J: Glutathione metabolism in brain \u2013 Metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons in the defense against reactive oxygen species. Eur J Biochem. 2000, 267 (16): 4912-4916. 10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01597.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"1092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2003.059","volume":"384","author":"R Dringen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dringen R, Hirrlinger J: Glutathione pathways in the brain. Biol Chem. 2003, 384 (4): 505-516. 10.1515\/BC.2003.059.","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"issue":"16","key":"1092_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4326","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0019-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"LP Liang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liang LP, Huang J, Fulton R, Day BJ, Patel M: An orally active catalytic metalloporphyrin protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity in vivo. J Neurosci. 2007, 27 (16): 4326-4333. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0019-07.2007.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1092_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.821-827.2002","volume":"46","author":"G Schmuck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schmuck G, Roehrdanz E, Haynes RK, Kahl R: Neurotoxic mode of action of artemisinin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002, 46 (3): 821-827. 10.1128\/AAC.46.3.821-827.2002.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0507","volume":"10","author":"AL McCormack","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCormack AL, Thiruchelvam M, Manning-Bog AB, Thiffault C, Langston JW, Cory-Slechta DA, Di Monte DA: Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: Selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol Dis. 2002, 10 (2): 119-127. 10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0507.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.05.012","volume":"27","author":"RJ Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remiao F, Carmo H, Duarte JA, Navarro AS, Bastos ML, Carvalho F: Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology. 2006, 27 (6): 1110-1122. 10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.05.012.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1092_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1997.0701","volume":"53","author":"E Altschuler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Altschuler E: Aluminum-containing antacids as a cause of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Med Hypotheses. 1999, 53 (1): 22-23. 10.1054\/mehy.1997.0701.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"3","key":"1092_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050334","volume":"246","author":"G Hageman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hageman G, Hoek van der J, van Hout M, Laan van der G, Steur EJ, de Bruin W, Herholz K: Parkinsonism, pyramidal signs, polyneuropathy, and cognitive decline after long-term occupational solvent exposure. J Neurol. 1999, 246 (3): 198-206. 10.1007\/s004150050334.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1092_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510170044012","volume":"39","author":"HL Klawans","year":"1982","unstructured":"Klawans HL, Stein RW, Tanner CM, Goetz CG: A Pure Parkinsonian Syndrome Following Acute Carbon-Monoxide Intoxication. Arch Neurol. 1982, 39 (5): 302-304.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1092_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200098","volume":"23","author":"N Vanacore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vanacore N, Nappo A, Gentile M, Brustolin A, Palange S, Liberati A, Di Rezze S, Caldora G, Gasparini M, Benedetti F, et al.: Evaluation of risk of Parkinson's disease in a cohort of licensed pesticide users. Neurol Sci. 2002, 23: S119-S120. 10.1007\/s100720200098.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1092_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02577-X","volume":"906","author":"K Shimizu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shimizu K, Ohtaki K, Matsubara K, Aoyama K, Uezono T, Saito O, Suno M, Ogawa K, Hayase N, Kimura K, et al.: Carrier-mediated processes in blood-brain barrier penetration and neural uptake of paraquat. Brain Res. 2001, 906 (1\u20132): 135-142. 10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02577-X.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1092_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03088.x","volume":"93","author":"AL McCormack","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCormack AL, Atienza JG, Johnston LC, Andersen JK, Vu S, Di Monte DA: Role of oxidative stress in paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration. J Neurochem. 2005, 93 (4): 1030-1037. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03088.x.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1092_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.11.005","volume":"134","author":"D Bonneh-Barkay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bonneh-Barkay D, Reaney SH, Langston WJ, Di Monte DA: Redox cycling of the herbicide paraquat in microglial cultures. Mol Brain Res. 2005, 134 (1): 52-56. 10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.11.005.","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1092_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00112-4","volume":"27","author":"P Lagrange","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lagrange P, Romero IA, Minn A, Revest PA: Transendothelial permeability changes induced by free radicals in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 27 (5\u20136): 667-672. 10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00112-4.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1092_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04301.x","volume":"22","author":"K Ossowska","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ossowska K, Wardas J, Smialowska M, Kuter K, Lenda T, Wieronska JM, Zieba B, Nowak P, Dabrowska J, Bortel A, et al.: A slowly developing dysfunction of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons induced by long-term paraquat administration in rats: an animal model of preclinical stages of Parkinson's disease?. Eur J Neurosci. 2005, 22 (6): 1294-1304. 10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04301.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1092_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/152308603322110896","volume":"5","author":"M Ebadi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ebadi M, Sharma SK: Peroxynitrite and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003, 5 (3): 319-335. 10.1089\/152308603322110896.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1092_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(97)00024-1","volume":"18","author":"MF Beal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Beal MF, Matthews RT: Coenzyme Q10 in the central nervous system and its potential usefulness in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Aspects Med. 1997, 18 (Suppl): S169-179. 10.1016\/S0098-2997(97)00024-1.","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1092_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.05.003","volume":"188","author":"CW Shults","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shults CW, Flint Beal M, Song D, Fontaine D: Pilot trial of high dosages of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 2004, 188 (2): 491-494. 10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.05.003.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1092_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-006-8417-4","volume":"11","author":"J Naderi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naderi J, Somayajulu-Nitu M, Mukerji A, Sharda P, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Antonsson B, Pandey S: Water-soluble formulation of Coenzyme Q10 inhibits Bax-induced destabilization of mitochondria in mammalian cells. Apoptosis. 2006, 11 (8): 1359-1369. 10.1007\/s10495-006-8417-4.","journal-title":"Apoptosis"}],"container-title":["BMC Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2202-10-88.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T07:02:36Z","timestamp":1630479756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2202-10-88"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2202-10-88","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"88"}}