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Therefore, in this study we have utilised MRI to scan <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> brains from rodents bearing a nigrostriatal lesion induced by intranigral injection of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Lactacystin induced parkinsonian-like behaviour, characterised by impaired contralateral forelimb grip strength and increased contralateral circling in response to apomorphine. T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-weighted MRI, 3-weeks post-lesion, revealed significant morphological changes in PD-relevant brain areas, including the striatum and ventral midbrain in addition to a decrease in T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> water <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H relaxation in the substantia nigra (SN), but not the striatum. Post-mortem histological analyses revealed extensive dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and \u03b1-synuclein aggregation in the SN. However, extensive neuronal loss could also be observed in extra-nigral areas, suggesting non-specific toxicity of lactacystin. Iron accumulation could also be observed throughout the midbrain reflecting changes in T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Importantly, morphological, but not T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxivity changes, were significantly associated with both behavioural and histological outcomes in this model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A pattern of morphological changes in lactacystin-lesioned animals has been identified, as well as alterations in nigral T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxivity. The significant relationship of morphological changes with behavioural and histological outcomes in this model raises the possibility that these may be useful non-invasive surrogate markers of nigrostriatal degeneration <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T19:15:05Z","timestamp":1262718905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Non-invasive evaluation of nigrostriatal neuropathology in a proteasome inhibitor rodent model of Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anthony C","family":"Vernon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saga M","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel M","family":"Modo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"1560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.5.2283","volume":"114","author":"JM Fearnley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fearnley JM, Lees AJ: Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. 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