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Detection of this organism in clinical and autopsy samples has proved challenging using a variety of molecular and histological techniques. Our current investigation utilized immunohistochemistry with a battery of commercially available anti-<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> antibodies to determine whether <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was present in areas typically associated with AD neuropathology from 5 AD and 5 non-AD control brains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Immunoreactivity for <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> antigens was observed both intracellularly in neurons, neuroglia, endothelial cells, and peri-endothelial cells, and extracellularly in the frontal and temporal cortices of the AD brain with multiple <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>-specific antibodies. This immunoreactivity was seen in regions of amyloid deposition as revealed by immunolabeling with two different anti-beta amyloid antibodies. Thioflavin S staining, overlaid with <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> immunolabeling, demonstrated no direct co-localization of the organism and amyloid plaques. Further, the specificity of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> labeling of AD brain sections was demonstrated using <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> antibodies pre-absorbed against amyloid \u03b2 1-40 and 1-42 peptides.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Anti-<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> antibodies, obtained commercially, identified both typical intracellular and atypical extracellular <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> antigens in frontal and temporal cortices of the AD brain. <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, amyloid deposits, and neurofibrillary tangles were present in the same regions of the brain in apposition to one another. Although additional studies are required to conclusively characterize the nature of Chlamydial immunoreactivity in the AD brain, these results further implicate <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,23]],"date-time":"2010-09-23T18:27:03Z","timestamp":1285266423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Immunohistological detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's disease brain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christine J","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loretta R","family":"Hallock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J","family":"Howanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denah M","family":"Appelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Scott","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J","family":"Balin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0532-1","volume":"118","author":"C Duyckaerts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Potier MC: Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. 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