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Proliferation of these cells is altered in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Exercise and environmental enrichment re-increase proliferation of NG2\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells in PD models, however, a possible mechanistic role of dopamine for this increase is not completely understood. NG2\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells can differentiate into oligodendrocytes but also into microglia and neurons as observed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      suggesting a possible hint for endogenous regenerative capacity of the SN. We investigated the role of dopamine in NG2-generation and differentiation in the adult SN stimulated by physical activity and environmental enrichment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-model for dopamine depletion and analysed newborn cells in the SN at different maturation stages and time points depending on voluntary physical activity, enriched environment and levodopa-treatment. We describe an activity- induced increase of new NG2-positive cells and also mature oligodendrocytes in the SN of healthy mice. Running and enriched environment refused to stimulate NG2-generation and oligodendrogenesis in MPTP-mice, an effect which could be reversed by pharmacological levodopa-induced rescue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We suggest dopamine being a key regulator for activity-induced generation of NG2-cells and oliogodendrocytes in the SN as a potentially relevant mechanism in endogenous nigral cellular plasticity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]],"date-time":"2012-10-31T13:18:44Z","timestamp":1351689524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Physical activity and environmental enrichment regulate the generation of neural precursors in the adult mouse substantia nigra in a dopamine-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Klaissle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Lesemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Huehnchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Storch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6180","key":"2798_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/334345a0","volume":"334","author":"E Hirsch","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hirsch E, Graybiel AM, Agid YA: Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease. 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