{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:03:16Z","timestamp":1761580996203},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Q-Sweat is a model used for evaluating the post-ganglionic sudomotor function by assessing sweat response. This study aimed to establish the normative database of Q-Sweat test among Chinese individuals since this type of information is currently lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and fifty (150) healthy volunteers, 76 men and 74 women with age range of 22\u201376\u2009years were included. Skin temperature and sweat onset latency measured at the four sites (i.e., the forearm, proximal leg, distal leg, and the foot) did not significantly correlate with age, gender, body height (BH), body weight (BW), and body mass index (BMI) but the total sweat volume measured in all four sites significantly correlated with sex, BH, and BW. Except for the distal leg, the total sweat volume measured at the other three sites had a significant correlation with BMI. In terms of gender, men had larger total sweat volume, with median differences at the forearm, proximal leg, distal leg, and foot of 0.591\u2009\u03bcl, 0.693\u2009\u03bcl, 0.696\u2009\u03bcl, and 0.358\u2009\u03bcl, respectively. Regarding BW difference (\u226562 and\u2009&lt;\u200962 Kg), those with BW \u226562 Kg had larger total sweat volume. Median differences at the forearm, proximal leg, distal leg, and foot were 0.538\u2009\u03bcl, 0.744\u2009\u03bcl, 0.695\u2009\u03bcl, and 0.338\u2009\u03bcl, respectively. There was an uneven distribution of male and female participants in the two BW groups. In all conditions, the total sweat volume recorded at the foot site was the smallest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first report to show the normative database of sweat response in Chinese participants evaluated using Q-Sweat device. This normative database can help guide further research on post-ganglionic sudomotor or related clinical practice involving a Chinese population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]],"date-time":"2012-06-13T11:42:33Z","timestamp":1339587753000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sweat output measurement of the post-ganglion sudomotor response by Q-Sweat Test: a normative database of Chinese individuals"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shu-Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Hsien","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ren","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nei-Wen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiung-Chih","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Chung","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Neng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2757_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.01.023","volume":"115","author":"PA Low","year":"2004","unstructured":"Low PA: Evaluation of sudomotor function. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004, 115: 1506-1513. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.01.023.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2757_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-008-0506-8","volume":"19","author":"BMW Illigens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Illigens BMW, Gibbons CH: Sweating testing to evaluate autonomic function. Clin Auton Res. 2009, 19: 79-88. 10.1007\/s10286-008-0506-8.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"2757_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140513","volume":"14","author":"PA Low","year":"1983","unstructured":"Low PA, Caskey PE, Tuck RR, Fealey RD, Dyck PJ: Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test in normal and neuropathic subjects. Ann Neurol. 1983, 14: 573-580. 10.1002\/ana.410140513.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2757_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880090703","volume":"9","author":"PA Low","year":"1986","unstructured":"Low PA, Zimmeman BR, Dyck PJ: Comparison of distal sympathetic with vagal function in diabetic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1986, 9: 592-596. 10.1002\/mus.880090703.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2757_CR5","first-page":"145A","volume":"26","author":"JD Stewart","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stewart JD, Low PA, Fealey RD: Small-fiber peripheral neuropathy: diagnostic value of sweat tests and autonomic cardiovascular reflexes. Ann Neurol. 1989, 26: 145A.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2757_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20551","volume":"34","author":"VA Low","year":"2006","unstructured":"Low VA, Sandroni P, Dealey RD, Low PA: Detection of small fiber neuropathy by sudomotor testing. Muscle Nerve. 2006, 34: 57-61. 10.1002\/mus.20551.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2757_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199712)20:12<1561::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"20","author":"PA Low","year":"1997","unstructured":"Low PA, Denq JC, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Dyck PJ, O\u2019Brien PC, Slezak JM: Effect of age and gender on sudomotor and cardio-vagal function and blood pressure response to tilt in normal subjects. Muscle Nerve. 1997, 20: 1561-1568. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199712)20:12<1561::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-3.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2757_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21464","volume":"41","author":"DM Sletten","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sletten DM, Weigand SD, Low PA: Relationship of Q-Sweat to quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) volumes. Muscle Nerve. 2010, 41: 240-246.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2757_CR9","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Clinical autonomic disorders: evaluation and management","author":"PA Low","year":"1993","unstructured":"Low PA: Laboratory evaluation of autonomic failure. Clinical autonomic disorders: evaluation and management. Edited by: Low PA. 1993, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, 169-195."},{"key":"2757_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-63","volume":"11","author":"SF Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen SF, Tsai NW, Chang CC, Lu CH, Huang CR, Chuang YC, Chang WN: Neuromuscular abnormality and autonomic dysfunction in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. BMC Neurol. 2011, 11: 63-10.1186\/1471-2377-11-63.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2757_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817725","volume":"23","author":"PA Low","year":"2003","unstructured":"Low PA: Testing the autonomic nervous system. Semin Neurol. 2003, 23: 407-421.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"2757_CR12","volume-title":"Eur J Appl Physio","author":"RJ Maughan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maughan RJ, Otani H, Watson P: Influence of relative humidity on prolonged exercise capacity in a warm environment. Eur J Appl Physio. 2011, Epub ahead of print"},{"key":"2757_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1965.tb03264.x","volume":"1","author":"LC Johnson","year":"1965","unstructured":"Johnson LC, Landon MM: Eccrine sweat gland activity and racial differences in resting skin conductance. Psychophysiology. 1965, 1: 322-329. 10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1965.tb03264.x.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2757_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.18001893.x","volume":"137","author":"DM Reilly","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reilly DM, Ferdinando D, Johnston C, Shaw C, Buchanan KD, Green MR: The epidermal nerve fiber network: characterization of nerve fibers in human skin by confocal microscopy and assessment of racial variations. Br J Dermatol. 1997, 137: 163-170. 10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.18001893.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2757_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2006.00302.x","volume":"28","author":"AV Rawlings","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rawlings AV: Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006, 28: 79-93. 10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2006.00302.x.","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"2757_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.4.1305","volume":"81","author":"RJ Parmer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Parmer RJ, Cervenka JH, Stone RA, O\u2019Connor DT: Autonomic function in hypertension. Are there racial differences?. Circulation. 1990, 81: 1305-1311. 10.1161\/01.CIR.81.4.1305.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2757_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.1.62","volume":"36","author":"A Ergul","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ergul A: Hypertension in black patients: an emerging role of the endothelin system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 2000, 36: 62-67. 10.1161\/01.HYP.36.1.62.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2757_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-008-0197-9","volume":"53","author":"JB Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee JB, Bae JS, Matsumoto T, Yang HM, Min YK: Tropical Malaysians and temperate Koreans exhibit significant differences in sweating sensitivity in response to iontophoretically administered acetycholine. Int J Biometerol. 2009, 53: 149-157. 10.1007\/s00484-008-0197-9.","journal-title":"Int J Biometerol"},{"key":"2757_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130212","volume":"12","author":"PA Low","year":"1990","unstructured":"Low PA, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Proper CJ, Zimmerman I: The effect of aging on cardiac autonomic and post-ganglionic sudomotor function. Muscle Nerve. 1990, 12: 152-157.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2757_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160612","volume":"16","author":"M Kihara","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kihara M, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Low PA: Comparison of directly stimulated with axon reflex-mediated sudomotor responses in human subjects and in patients with diabetes. Muscle Nerve. 1993, 16: 655-660. 10.1002\/mus.880160612.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2757_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.543","volume":"28","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thayer JF, Yamomoto SS, Brosschot JF: The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 2010, 28: 122-131.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2757_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01086.x","volume":"177","author":"J Faqius","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faqius J: Sympathetic nerve activity in metabolic control-some basic concepts. Acta Physiol Scand. 2003, 177: 337-343. 10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01086.x.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"2757_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000147893.08533.d8","volume":"44","author":"RJ Huqqett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huqqett RJ, Burns J, Mackintosh AF, Mary DA: Sympathetic neural activation in non-diabetic metabolic syndrome and its further augmentation by hypertension. Hypertension. 2004, 44: 847-852. 10.1161\/01.HYP.0000147893.08533.d8.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2757_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283329c62","volume":"21","author":"NE Straznicky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Straznicky NE, Lambert GW, Lambert EA: Neuro-adrenergic dysfunction in obesity: an overview of the effects of weight loss. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010, 21: 21-30. 10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283329c62.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"2757_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00338.2010","volume":"109","author":"LA Holowatt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holowatt LA, Kenney WL: Peripheral mechanism of thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow in aged humans. J Appl Physiol. 2010, 109: 1538-1544. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00338.2010.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2757_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/27.5.551","volume":"27","author":"M Kihara","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kihara M, Takahashi M, Nishimoto K, Okuda K, Matsui T, Yamakawai T, Okumura A: Autonomic dysfunction in elderly bedfast patients. Age Ageing. 1998, 27: 551-555. 10.1093\/ageing\/27.5.551.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"}],"container-title":["BMC Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2202-13-62.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T09:45:21Z","timestamp":1714038321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2202-13-62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2202-13-62","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"62"}}