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The clonal human neuroblastoma BE(2)-M17 cell line is known to differentiate into a more prominent neuronal cell type by treatment with trans-retinoic acid. However, there is a lack of information on the morphological and functional aspects of these differentiated cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied the effects of trans-retinoic acid treatment on (a) some differentiation marker proteins, (b) types of voltage-gated calcium (Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) channels and (c) Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -dependent neurotransmitter ([\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      H] glycine) release in cultured BE(2)-M17 cells. Cells treated with 10 \u03bcM\n                      <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n                      -retinoic acid (RA) for 72 hrs exhibited marked changes in morphology to include neurite extensions; presence of P\/Q, N and T-type voltage-gated Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      channels; and expression of neuron specific enolase (NSE), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 (nAChR-\u03b17) and other neuronal markers. Moreover, retinoic acid treated cells had a significant increase in evoked Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -dependent neurotransmitter release capacity. In toxicity studies of the toxic gas, phosgene (CG), that differentiation of M17 cells with RA was required to see the changes in intracellular free Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      concentrations following exposure to CG.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, retinoic acid treated cells had improved morphological features as well as neuronal characteristics and functions; thus, these retinoic acid differentiated BE(2)-M17 cells may serve as a better neuronal model to study neurobiology and\/or neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-49","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T16:25:45Z","timestamp":1366302345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Morphological and functional differentiation in BE(2)-M17 human neuroblastoma cells by treatment with Trans-retinoic acid"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Devon","family":"Andres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M","family":"Keyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Petrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Benton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle S","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M","family":"McNutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radharaman","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2887_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106s1131","volume":"106","author":"GJ Harry","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harry GJ, Billingsley M, Bruinink A, Campbell IL, Classen W, Dorman DC, Galli C, Ray D, Smith RA, Tilson HA: In vitro techniques for the assessment of neurotoxicity. 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