{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:54:22Z","timestamp":1793451262452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex (preB\u00f6tC) is a central pattern generator within the ventrolateral medulla oblongata's ventral respiratory group that is important for the generation of respiratory rhythm. Activation of adenosine A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> receptors (A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R) depresses preB\u00f6tC rhythmogenesis. Although it remains unclear whether A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R activation is important for organisms in a normal metabolic state, A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R activation is important to the response of the preB\u00f6tC to metabolic stress, such as hypoxia. This study examined mechanisms linking A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R activation to depression of preB\u00f6tC rhythmogenesis in medullary slice and island preparations from neonatal mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Converting medullary slices to islands by cutting away much of the medullary tissue adjacent to the preB\u00f6tC decreased the amplitude of action potential bursts generated by a population of neurons within the preB\u00f6tC (recorded with an extracellular electrode, and integrated using a hardware integrator), without noticeably affecting burst frequency. The A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R agonist N<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>-Cyclopentyladenosine (NCPA) reduced population burst frequency in slices by <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>. 33% and in islands by <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>. 30%. As in normal (drug-free) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), NCPA decreased burst frequency in slices when GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>ergic or GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>ergic and glycinergic transmission were blocked, and in islands when GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>ergic transmission was antagonized. Converting slices to island preparations decreased synaptic input to inspiratory neurons. NCPA further decreased the frequency of synaptic inputs to neurons in island preparations and lowered the input resistance of inspiratory neurons, even when chemical communication between neurons and other cells was impeded.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Together these data support the suggestion that depression of preB\u00f6tC activity by A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R activation involves both decreased neuronal excitability and diminished inter-neuronal communication.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T06:13:42Z","timestamp":1222841622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Rhythm generation by the pre-B\u00f6tzinger Complex in medullary slice and island preparations: Effects of adenosine A1receptor activation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Richard J","family":"VanDam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D","family":"Kelty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"778_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(200001)22:1<6::AID-BIES3>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"22","author":"DR McCrimmon","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCrimmon DR, Ramirez JM, Alford S, Zuperku EJ: Unraveling the mechanisms for respiratory rhythm generation. 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