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Gerbera, a member of the sunflower family, Asteraceae, bears compressed inflorescence heads (capitula) with three different flower types characterized by differences in both sexuality and floral symmetry. To understand how such a complex inflorescence structure is achieved at the molecular level, we have characterized the array of Gerbera MADS box genes. The high number of\n                      <jats:italic>SQUAMOSA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like genes in Gerbera compared to other model species raised the question as to whether they may relate to Gerbera's complex inflorescence structure and whether or not a homeotic A function is present.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this paper we describe six Gerbera genes related to the\n                      <jats:italic>SQUAMOSA\/APETALA1\/FRUITFULL<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes of snapdragon and Arabidopsis. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the entire gene lineage, our data indicates that\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      are members of the\n                      <jats:italic>SQUA<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>AP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      clade, while\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA5<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA6<\/jats:italic>\n                      are co-orthologs of the Arabidopsis\n                      <jats:italic>FUL<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene.\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA1\/GSQUA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA4\/GSQUA5\/GSQUA6<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively, represent several gene duplication events unknown in the model systems that may be specific to either Gerbera or Asteraceae.\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes showed specific expression profiles.\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA5<\/jats:italic>\n                      were inflorescence abundant, while\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA6<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was also detected in vegetative organs. Overexpression of\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Gerbera led to accelerated flowering, dwarfism and vegetative abnormalities, all new and specific phenomena observed in transgenic Gerbera plants with modified MADS box gene expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on expression patterns, none of the Gerbera\n                      <jats:italic>SQUA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like genes are likely to control flower organ identity in the sense of the floral A function. However, our data shows that the\n                      <jats:italic>FUL<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like gene\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      plays a vital role in meristem transition. The roles of other\n                      <jats:italic>GSQUA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -genes in Gerbera floral development are intriguing, but require still further study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-10-128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T14:13:55Z","timestamp":1277475235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Characterization of SQUAMOSA-like genes in Gerbera hybrida, including one involved in reproductive transition"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Satu","family":"Ruokolainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Peng","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi K","family":"Broholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Elomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teemu H","family":"Teeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1086\/509662","volume":"168","author":"A Litt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Litt A: An evaluation of A-function: Evidence from the APETALA1 and APETALA2 gene lineages. 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