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To achieve this, information has to flow cell-to-cell and over long-distance via xylem and phloem. Recently, specific miRNAs emerged as a new type of regulating molecules during stress and nutrient deficiency responses, and miR399 was suggested to be a phloem-mobile long-distance signal involved in the phosphate starvation response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used miRNA microarrays containing all known plant miRNAs and a set of unknown small (s) RNAs earlier cloned from\n                      <jats:italic>Brassica<\/jats:italic>\n                      phloem sap [1], to comprehensively analyze the phloem response to nutrient deficiency by removing sulfate, copper or iron, respectively, from the growth medium. We show that phloem sap contains a specific set of sRNAs that is distinct from leaves and roots, and that the phloem also responds specifically to stress. Upon S and Cu deficiencies phloem sap reacts with an increase of the same miRNAs that were earlier characterized in other tissues, while no clear positive response to -Fe was observed. However, -Fe led to a reduction of Cu- and P-responsive miRNAs. We further demonstrate that under nutrient starvation miR399 and miR395 can be translocated through graft unions from wild type scions to rootstocks of the miRNA processing\n                      <jats:italic>hen1-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant. In contrast, miR171 was not transported. Translocation of miR395 led to a down-regulation of one of its targets in rootstocks, suggesting that this transport is of functional relevance, and that miR395, in addition to the well characterized miR399, could potentially act as a long-distance information transmitter.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phloem sap contains a specific set of sRNAs, of which some specifically accumulate in response to nutrient deprivation. From the observation that miR395 and miR399 are phloem-mobile in grafting experiments we conclude that translocatable miRNAs might be candidates for information-transmitting molecules, but that grafting experiments alone are not sufficient to convincingly assign a signaling function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-10-64","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,13]],"date-time":"2010-04-13T14:13:55Z","timestamp":1271168035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":280,"title":["Phloem small RNAs, nutrient stress responses, and systemic mobility"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Buhtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janin","family":"Pieritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03368.x","volume":"53","author":"A Buhtz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buhtz A, Springer F, Chappell L, Baulcombe DC, Kehr J: Identification and characterization of small RNAs from the phloem of Brassica napus. 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