{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T04:47:49Z","timestamp":1782622069966,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Plant Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mal d 1 is a major apple allergen causing food allergic symptoms of the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) in birch-pollen sensitised patients. The <jats:italic>Mal d 1<\/jats:italic> gene family is known to have at least 7 intron-containing and 11 intronless members that have been mapped in clusters on three linkage groups. In this study, the allelic diversity of the seven intron-containing <jats:italic>Mal d 1<\/jats:italic> genes was assessed among a set of apple cultivars by sequencing or indirectly through pedigree genotyping. Protein variant constitutions were subsequently compared with <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold>kin <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>rick <jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold>est (SPT) responses to study the association of deduced protein variants with allergenicity in a set of 14 cultivars.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From the seven intron-containing <jats:italic>Mal d 1<\/jats:italic> genes investigated, <jats:italic>Mal d 1.01<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mal d 1.02<\/jats:italic> were highly conserved, as nine out of ten cultivars coded for the same protein variant, while only one cultivar coded for a second variant. <jats:italic>Mal d 1.04<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Mal d 1.05<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mal d 1.06 A, B<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic> were more variable, coding for three to six different protein variants. Comparison of <jats:italic>Mal d 1<\/jats:italic> allelic composition between the high-allergenic cultivar Golden Delicious and the low-allergenic cultivars Santana and Priscilla, which are linked in pedigree, showed an association between the protein variants coded by the <jats:italic>Mal d 1.04<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>-1.06A<\/jats:italic> genes (both located on linkage group 16) with allergenicity. This association was confirmed in 10 other cultivars. In addition, <jats:italic>Mal d 1.06A<\/jats:italic> allele dosage effects associated with the degree of allergenicity based on prick to prick testing. Conversely, no associations were observed for the protein variants coded by the <jats:italic>Mal d 1.01<\/jats:italic> (on linkage group 13), -<jats:italic>1.02<\/jats:italic>, -<jats:italic>1.06B, -1.06C<\/jats:italic> genes (all on linkage group 16), nor by the <jats:italic>Mal d 1.05<\/jats:italic> gene (on linkage group 6).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Protein variant compositions of Mal d 1.04 and -1.06A and, in case of <jats:italic>Mal d 1.06A<\/jats:italic>, allele doses are associated with the differences in allergenicity among fourteen apple cultivars. This information indicates the involvement of qualitative as well as quantitative factors in allergenicity and warrants further research in the relative importance of quantitative and qualitative aspects of <jats:italic>Mal d 1<\/jats:italic> gene expression on allergenicity. Results from this study have implications for medical diagnostics, immunotherapy, clinical research and breeding schemes for new hypo-allergenic cultivars.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-8-116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,18]],"date-time":"2008-11-18T07:47:07Z","timestamp":1226994427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Assessment of allelic diversity in intron-containing Mal d 1 genes and their association to apple allergenicity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhongshan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric W","family":"van de Weg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina I","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Arens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne THP","family":"Bolhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre C","family":"Knulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Hoffmann-Sommergruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luud JWJ","family":"Gilissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"324_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1982.tb02323.x","volume":"37","author":"NE Eriksson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Eriksson NE, Formgren H, Svenonius E: Food hyper-sensitivity in patients with pollen allergy. 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