{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:07:29Z","timestamp":1787314049174,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]],"date-time":"2008-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216252800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The Zeus\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n (Dr\u00e4ger, L\u00fcbeck, Germany), an automated closed-circuit anesthesia machine, uses high fresh gas flows (FGF) to wash-in the circuit and the lungs, and intermittently flushes the system to remove unwanted N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . We hypothesized this could increase desflurane consumption to such an extent that agent consumption might become higher than with a conventional anesthesia machine (Anesthesia Delivery Unit [ADU\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n ], GE, Helsinki, Finland) used with a previously derived desflurane-O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O administration schedule that allows early FGF reduction.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-four ASA PS I or II patients undergoing plastic, urologic, or gynecologic surgery received desflurane in O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O. In the ADU group (n = 24), an initial 3 min high FGF of O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O (2 and 4 L.min\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n , respectively) was used, followed by 0.3 L.min\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n + 0.4 L.min\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O. The desflurane vaporizer setting (F\n D<\/jats:sub>\n ) was 6.5% for the first 15 min, and 5.5% during the next 25 min. In the Zeus group (n = 10), the Zeus\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n was used in automated closed circuit anesthesia mode with a selected end-expired (F\n A<\/jats:sub>\n ) desflurane target of 4.6%, and O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O as the carrier gases with a target inspired O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n % of 30%. Desflurane F\n A<\/jats:sub>\n and consumption during the first 40 min were compared using repeated measures one-way ANOVA.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Age and weight did not differ between the groups (P > 0.05), but patients in the Zeus group were taller (P = 0.04). In the Zeus group, the desflurane F\n A<\/jats:sub>\n was lower during the first 3 min (P < 0.05), identical at 4 min (P > 0.05), and slightly higher after 4 min (P < 0.05). Desflurane consumption was higher in the Zeus group at all times, a difference that persisted after correcting for the small difference in F\n A<\/jats:sub>\n between the two groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Agent consumption with an automated closed-circuit anesthesia machine is higher than with a conventional anesthesia machine when the latter is used with a specific vaporizer-FGF sequence. Agent consumption during automated delivery might be further reduced by optimizing the algorithm(s) that manages the initial FGF or by tolerating some N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n in the circuit to minimize the need for intermittent flushing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]],"date-time":"2008-07-17T14:14:10Z","timestamp":1216304050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Desflurane consumption during automated closed-circuit delivery is higher than when a conventional anesthesia machine is used with a simple vaporizer-O2-N2O fresh gas flow sequence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sofie","family":"De Cooman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"De Mey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram BC","family":"Dewulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Carette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Deloof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Sosnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre M","family":"De Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan FA","family":"Hendrickx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"59_CR1","volume-title":"The quantitative practice of anesthesia \u2013 use of a closed circuit","author":"J Lowe","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lowe J, Ernst E: The quantitative practice of anesthesia \u2013 use of a closed circuit. 1981, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins"},{"key":"59_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei051","volume":"94","author":"MMRF Struys","year":"2005","unstructured":"Struys MMRF, Kalmar AF, De Baerdemaeker LEC, Mortier EP, Rolly G, Manigel J, Buschke W: Time course of inhaled anaesthetic drug delivery using multifunctional closed-circuit anaesthesia ventilator. 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J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"59_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009969219569","volume":"14","author":"JFA Hendrickx","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hendrickx JFA, Van Zundert AAJ, De Wolf AM: Influence of the reference gas of paramagnetic oxygen analyzers on nitrogen concentrations during closed-circuit anesthesia. J Clin Monit Comp. 1998, 14: 381-84. 10.1023\/A:1009969219569.","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comp"},{"key":"59_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.175","volume":"88","author":"JG Lerou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lerou JG, Verheijen R, Booij LH: Model-based administration of inhalation anaesthesia. 4. Applying the system model. Br J Anaesth. 2002, 88: 175-83. 10.1093\/bja\/88.2.175.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T17:27:06Z","timestamp":1630430826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2253-8-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"4"}}