{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:13:55Z","timestamp":1793578435591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264464000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV are each responsible for a considerable burden of disease. Interactions between these infections pose substantial public health challenges, especially where HIV prevalence is high and HPV vaccine coverage low.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Between July 2005 and January 2006, a cross-sectional community-based survey in Mombasa, Kenya, enrolled female sex workers using snowball sampling. After interview and a gynaecological examination, blood and cervical cytology samples were taken. Quantitative real-time PCR detected HPV types and viral load measures. Prevalence of high-risk HPV was compared between HIV-infected and -uninfected women, and in women with abnormal cervical cytology, measured using conventional Pap smears.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Median age of the 820 participants was 28 years (inter-quartile range [IQR] = 24-36 years). One third of women were HIV infected (283\/803; 35.2%) and these women were y more likely to have abnormal cervical cytology than HIV-negative women (27%, 73\/269, versus 8%, 42\/503; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Of HIV-infected women, 73.3% had high-risk HPV (200\/273) and 35.5% had HPV 16 and\/or 18 (97\/273). Corresponding figures for HIV-negative women were 45.5% (229\/503) and 15.7% (79\/503). After adjusting for age, number of children and condom use, high-risk HPV was 3.6 fold more common in HIV-infected women (95%CI = 2.6-5.1). Prevalence of all 15 of the high-risk HPV types measured was higher among HIV-infected women, between 1.4 and 5.5 fold. Median total HPV viral load was 881 copies\/cell in HIV-infected women (IQR = 33-12,110 copies\/cell) and 48 copies\/cell in HIV-uninfected women (IQR = 6-756 copies\/cell; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). HPV 16 and\/or HPV 18 were identified in 42.7% of LSIL (32\/75) and 42.3% of HSIL (11\/26) lesions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.98). High-risk HPV types other than 16 and 18 were common in LSIL (74.7%; 56\/75) and HSIL (84.6%; 22\/26); even higher among HIV-infected women.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>HIV-infected sex workers had almost four-fold higher prevalence of high-risk HPV, raised viral load and more precancerous lesions. HPV 16 and HPV 18, preventable with current vaccines, were associated with cervical disease, though other high-risk types were commoner. HIV-infected sex workers likely contribute disproportionately to HPV transmission dynamics in the general population. Current efforts to prevent HIV and HPV are inadequate. New interventions are required and improved implementation of existing strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T19:16:15Z","timestamp":1264533375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Association of HIV infection with distribution and viral load of HPV types in Kenya: a survey with 820 female sex workers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stanley MF","family":"Luchters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy Vanden","family":"Broeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew F","family":"Chersich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalene","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Delva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishor","family":"Mandaliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe E","family":"Depuydt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John-Paul","family":"Bogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Temmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.111","volume":"24","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Bray F: Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine. 2006, 24 (Suppl 3): S11-25. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.111.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"998_CR2","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2006","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer: Human papillomaviruses. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2006, 90:"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.033","volume":"324","author":"EM de Villiers","year":"2004","unstructured":"de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H: Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004, 324 (1): 17-27. 10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.033.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8","volume":"10","author":"V Bouvard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, et al: A review of human carcinogens--Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009, 10 (4): 321-322. 10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk101","volume":"165","author":"RS McClelland","year":"2007","unstructured":"McClelland RS, Ndinya-Achola JO, Baeten JM: Re: distinguishing the temporal association between women's intravaginal practices and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective study of South African women. Am J Epidemiol. 2007, 165 (4): 474-475. 10.1093\/aje\/kwk101. author reply 475-476","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.008060","volume":"81","author":"J del Amo","year":"2005","unstructured":"del Amo J, Gonzalez C, Losana J, Clavo P, Munoz L, Ballesteros J, Garcia-Saiz A, Belza MJ, Ortiz M, Menendez B, et al: Influence of age and geographical origin in the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in migrant female sex workers in Spain. Sex Transm Infect. 2005, 81 (1): 79-84. 10.1136\/sti.2003.008060.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v20.i2.50","volume":"20","author":"R Chatterjee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chatterjee R, Mukhopadhyay D, Murmu N, Jana S: Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among prostitutes in Calcutta. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2001, 20 (2): 113-117.","journal-title":"J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2000.tb01318.x","volume":"26","author":"K Ishi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ishi K, Suzuki F, Saito A, Kubota T: Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and its correlation with cervical lesions in commercial-sex workers in Japan. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2000, 26 (4): 253-257.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji073","volume":"97","author":"HD Strickler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Strickler HD, Burk RD, Fazzari M, Anastos K, Minkoff H, Massad LS, Hall C, Bacon M, Levine AM, Watts DH, et al: Natural history and possible reactivation of human papillomavirus in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005, 97 (8): 577-586.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3282f75ea1","volume":"17","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Vuyst H, Lillo F, Broutet N, Smith JS: HIV, human papillomavirus, and cervical neoplasia and cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008, 17 (6): 545-554. 10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3282f75ea1.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR11","first-page":"97","volume":"8","author":"JS Mandelblatt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mandelblatt JS, Kanetsky P, Eggert L, Gold K: Is HIV infection a cofactor for cervical squamous cell neoplasia?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999, 8 (1): 97-106.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"22","key":"998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911253412201","volume":"341","author":"KL Wallin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wallin KL, Wiklund F, Angstrom T, Bergman F, Stendahl U, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Dillner J: Type-specific persistence of human papillomavirus DNA before the development of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341 (22): 1633-1638. 10.1056\/NEJM199911253412201.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200309000-00007","volume":"15","author":"JM Palefsky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Palefsky JM: Cervical human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women positive for human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Oncol. 2003, 15 (5): 382-388. 10.1097\/00001622-200309000-00007.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.02.003","volume":"59","author":"KL Dunkle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, Harlow SD: Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection. Soc Sci Med. 2004, 59 (8): 1581-1592. 10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.02.003.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1159\/000326031","volume":"50","author":"GP Yeoh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yeoh GP, Tse MP, Chan KW, Lord L: Human papillomavirus DNA and liquid-based cervical cytology cotesting in screening and follow-up patient groups. Acta Cytol. 2006, 50 (6): 627-631.","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i36","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.017111","volume":"82","author":"WL Kirungi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirungi WL, Musinguzi J, Madraa E, Mulumba N, Callejja T, Ghys P, Bessinger R: Trends in antenatal HIV prevalence in urban Uganda associated with uptake of preventive sexual behaviour. Sex Transm Infect. 2006, 82 (Suppl 1): i36-41. 10.1136\/sti.2005.017111.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832b4449","volume":"23","author":"PV Chin-Hong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chin-Hong PV, Husnik M, Cranston RD, Colfax G, Buchbinder S, Da Costa M, Darragh T, Jones D, Judson F, Koblin B, et al: Anal human papillomavirus infection is associated with HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2009, 23 (9): 1135-1142. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832b4449.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"998_CR18","volume-title":"5th IAS conference on HIV pathogenesis, treatment and prevention: 2009; Cape Town, South Africa","author":"B Auvert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Auvert B, Lissouba P, Cutler E, Zarca K, Puren A, Taljaard D: Is genital human papillomavirus infection associated with HIV incidence?. 5th IAS conference on HIV pathogenesis, treatment and prevention: 2009; Cape Town, South Africa. 2009"},{"key":"998_CR19","volume-title":"5th IAS conference on HIV pathogenesis, treatment and prevention 2009; Cape Town, South Africa","author":"JC Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith JC, Moses S, Hudgens M, Parker CB, Agot K, Maclean I, Ndinya-Achola JO, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM, Bailey RC: Risk of HIV acquisition among men with and without human papillomavirus infection in Kisumu, Kenya. 5th IAS conference on HIV pathogenesis, treatment and prevention 2009; Cape Town, South Africa. 2009"},{"key":"998_CR20","volume-title":"Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: technical information for policy-makers and health professionals","author":"WHO","year":"2007","unstructured":"WHO: Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: technical information for policy-makers and health professionals. 2007"},{"key":"998_CR21","volume-title":"Global Immunization Data","author":"WHO","year":"2009","unstructured":"WHO: Global Immunization Data. 2009, [http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/newsroom\/GID_english.pdf]"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.4.271","volume":"78","author":"MP Hawken","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hawken MP, Melis RD, Ngombo DT, Mandaliya K, Ng'ang'a LW, Price J, Dallabetta G, Temmerman M: Part time female sex workers in a suburban community in Kenya: a vulnerable hidden population. Sex Transm Infect. 2002, 78 (4): 271-273. 10.1136\/sti.78.4.271.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"998_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-143","volume":"8","author":"S Luchters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luchters S, Chersich MF, Rinyiru A, Barasa MS, King'ola N, Mandaliya K, Bosire W, Wambugu S, Mwarogo P, Temmerman M: Impact of five years of peer-mediated interventions on sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2008, 8: 143-10.1186\/1471-2458-8-143.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"998_CR24","volume-title":"Qualitative methods in public health: a field guide for applied research","author":"PR Ulin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ulin PR, Robinson E, Tolley EE: Qualitative methods in public health: a field guide for applied research. 2005, Published by Jossey-Bass"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00130404-200309000-00002","volume":"9","author":"DD Davey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davey DD: Cervical cytology classification and the Bethesda System. Cancer J. 2003, 9 (5): 327-334. 10.1097\/00130404-200309000-00002.","journal-title":"Cancer J"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2006.00386.x","volume":"17","author":"CE Depuydt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Depuydt CE, Benoy IH, Bailleul EJ, Vandepitte J, Vereecken AJ, Bogers JJ: Improved endocervical sampling and HPV viral load detection by Cervex-Brush Combi. Cytopathology. 2006, 17 (6): 374-381. 10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2006.00386.x.","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"998_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773666","volume-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"B Armitage","year":"2002","unstructured":"Armitage B, Berry G, Matthews JNS: Statistical methods in medical research. 2002, Blackwell publishing"},{"issue":"18","key":"998_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000253361.63578.14","volume":"20","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clifford GM, Goncalves MA, Franceschi S: Human papillomavirus types among women infected with HIV: a meta-analysis. AIDS. 2006, 20 (18): 2337-2344. 10.1097\/01.aids.0000253361.63578.14.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"998_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-77","volume":"7","author":"C Ng'andwe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ng'andwe C, Lowe JJ, Richards PJ, Hause L, Wood C, Angeletti PC: The distribution of sexually-transmitted Human Papillomaviruses in HIV positive and negative patients in Zambia, Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2007, 7: 77-10.1186\/1471-2334-7-77.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200103000-00001","volume":"28","author":"LA Juarez-Figueroa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Juarez-Figueroa LA, Wheeler CM, Uribe-Salas FJ, Conde-Glez CJ, Zampilpa-Mejia LG, Garcia-Cisneros S, Hernandez-Avila M: Human papillomavirus: a highly prevalent sexually transmitted disease agent among female sex workers from Mexico City. Sex Transm Dis. 2001, 28 (3): 125-130. 10.1097\/00007435-200103000-00001.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"998_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0465","volume":"14","author":"AK Chaturvedi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chaturvedi AK, Myers L, Hammons AF, Clark RA, Dunlap K, Kissinger PJ, Hagensee ME: Prevalence and clustering patterns of human papillomavirus genotypes in multiple infections. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14 (10): 2439-2445. 10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0465.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.3.226","volume":"91","author":"JM Palefsky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Palefsky JM, Minkoff H, Kalish LA, Levine A, Sacks HS, Garcia P, Young M, Melnick S, Miotti P, Burk R: Cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999, 91 (3): 226-236. 10.1093\/jnci\/91.3.226.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2003.10.004","volume":"92","author":"JE Levi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levi JE, Fernandes S, Tateno AF, Motta E, Lima LP, Eluf-Neto J, Pannuti CS: Presence of multiple human papillomavirus types in cervical samples from HIV-infected women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004, 92 (1): 225-231. 10.1016\/j.ygyno.2003.10.004.","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"998_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.14.1062","volume":"95","author":"HD Strickler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Strickler HD, Palefsky JM, Shah KV, Anastos K, Klein RS, Minkoff H, Duerr A, Massad LS, Celentano DD, Hall C, et al: Human papillomavirus type 16 and immune status in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003, 95 (14): 1062-1071.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"9312","key":"998_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08151-5","volume":"359","author":"N Munoz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Munoz N, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, Moreno V, Herrero R, Smith JS, Shah KV, Meijer CJ, Bosch FX: Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet. 2002, 359 (9312): 1093-1101. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08151-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910520513","volume":"52","author":"N Munoz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Tafur L, Izarzugaza I, Gili M, Viladiu P, Navarro C, Martos C, Ascunce N, et al: The causal link between human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer: a population-based case-control study in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer. 1992, 52 (5): 743-749. 10.1002\/ijc.2910520513.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.06.053","volume":"100","author":"MF Chersich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chersich MF, Luchters SM, Yard E, Othigo JM, Kley N, Temmerman M: Morbidity in the first year postpartum among HIV-infected women in Kenya. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008, 100 (1): 45-51. 10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.06.053.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(99)00043-0","volume":"65","author":"M Temmerman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Temmerman M, Tyndall MW, Kidula N, Claeys P, Muchiri L, Quint W: Risk factors for human papillomavirus and cervical precancerous lesions, and the role of concurrent HIV-1 infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999, 65 (2): 171-181. 10.1016\/S0020-7292(99)00043-0.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601017","volume":"89","author":"L Dal Maso","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, Polesel J, Braga C, Piselli P, Crocetti E, Falcini F, Guzzinati S, Zanetti R, Vercelli M, et al: Risk of cancer in persons with AIDS in Italy, 1985-1998. Br J Cancer. 2003, 89 (1): 94-100. 10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601017.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"9490","key":"998_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67069-9","volume":"366","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clifford GM, Gallus S, Herrero R, Munoz N, Snijders PJ, Vaccarella S, Anh PT, Ferreccio C, Hieu NT, Matos E, et al: Worldwide distribution of human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal women in the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2005, 366 (9490): 991-998. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67069-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"998_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-85","volume":"8","author":"M Odida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odida M, de Sanjose S, Quint W, Bosch XF, Klaustermeier J, Weiderpass E: Human Papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2008, 8: 85-10.1186\/1471-2334-8-85.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"998_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-4-S1-S8","volume":"4","author":"DN Dames","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dames DN, Ragin C, Griffith-Bowe A, Gomez P, Butler R: The prevalence of cervical cytology abnormalities and human papillomavirus in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Agent Cancer. 2009, 4 (Suppl 1): S8-10.1186\/1750-9378-4-S1-S8.","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199607000-00013","volume":"23","author":"RD Burk","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burk RD, Kelly P, Feldman J, Bromberg J, Vermund SH, DeHovitz JA, Landesman SH: Declining prevalence of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection with age is independent of other risk factors. Sex Transm Dis. 1996, 23 (4): 333-341.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"9271","key":"998_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04956-4","volume":"357","author":"CB Woodman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, Bailey A, Ellis J, Prior P, Yates M, Rollason TP, Young LS: Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2001, 357 (9271): 1831-1836. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04956-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"998_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24116","volume":"124","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, Madeleine MM, Franceschi S: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2009, 124 (7): 1626-1636. 10.1002\/ijc.24116.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.07.013","volume":"43","author":"J Fontaine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fontaine J, Hankins C, Money D, Rachlis A, Pourreaux K, Ferenczy A, Coutlee F: Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) viral load and persistence of HPV-16 infection in women infected or at risk for HIV. J Clin Virol. 2008, 43 (3): 307-312. 10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.07.013.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600688","volume":"88","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clifford GM, Smith JS, Plummer M, Munoz N, Franceschi S: Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2003, 88 (1): 63-73. 10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600688.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021641","volume":"348","author":"N Munoz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ: Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348 (6): 518-527. 10.1056\/NEJMoa021641.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"50","key":"998_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.001","volume":"26","author":"NS De Carvalho","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Carvalho NS: Cervical cancer vaccination: the real meaning of cross-protection and its impact on the prevention. Vaccine. 2008, 26 (50): 6293-6294. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.001.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200302000-00009","volume":"30","author":"H De Vuyst","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Vuyst H, Steyaert S, Van Renterghem L, Claeys P, Muchiri L, Sitati S, Vansteelandt S, Quint W, Kleter B, Van Marck E, et al: Distribution of human papillomavirus in a family planning population in nairobi, kenya. Sex Transm Dis. 2003, 30 (2): 137-142. 10.1097\/00007435-200302000-00009.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"998_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.120","volume":"24","author":"JM Palefsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Palefsky JM, Gillison ML, Strickler HD: Chapter 16: HPV vaccines in immunocompromised women and men. Vaccine. 2006, 24 (Suppl 3): S140-146. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.120.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9308","key":"998_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07882-0","volume":"359","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Grimes DA: Sample size slippages in randomised trials: exclusions and the lost and wayward. Lancet. 2002, 359 (9308): 781-785. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07882-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22527","volume":"121","author":"JS Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B, Keys J, Franceschi S, Winer R, Clifford GM: Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update. Int J Cancer. 2007, 121 (3): 621-632. 10.1002\/ijc.22527.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.019992","volume":"82","author":"SC Thomsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomsen SC, Ombidi W, Toroitich-Ruto C, Wong EL, Tucker HO, Homan R, Kingola N, Luchters S: A prospective study assessing the effects of introducing the female condom in a sex worker population in Mombasa, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect. 2006, 82 (5): 397-402. 10.1136\/sti.2006.019992.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"998_CR55","volume-title":"Microbicides 2008: 2008; New Delhi, India","author":"W Bosire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bosire W, Luchters S, Nel A, Malava E, Malonza I, Temmerman M: A prospective microbicides preparedness study for estimation of HIV-1 incidence among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Microbicides 2008: 2008; New Delhi, India. 2008"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T04:07:58Z","timestamp":1630469278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-10-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"18"}}