{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:52:07Z","timestamp":1789660327146,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]],"date-time":"2011-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory disease worldwide and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection associated with influenza often leads to severe complications. Dendritic cells are key antigen presenting cells but its role in such co-infection is unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, human monocyte derived-dentritic cells were either concurrently or successively challenged with the combination of live influenza virus and heat killed pneumococcus to mimic the viral pneumococcal infection. Dendritic cell viability, phenotypic maturation and cytokine production were then examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The challenge of influenza virus and pneumococcus altered dendritic cell functions dependent on the time interval between the successive challenge of influenza virus and pneumococcus, as well as the doses of pneumococcus. When dendritic cells were exposed to pneumococcus at 6 hr, but not 0 hr nor 24 hr after influenza virus infection, both virus and pneumococcus treated dendritic cells had greater cell apoptosis and expressed higher CD83 and CD86 than dendritic cells infected with influenza virus alone. Dendritic cells produced pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-\u03b1, IL-12 and IFN-\u03b3 synergistically to the successive viral and pneumococcal challenge. Whereas prior influenza virus infection suppressed the IL-10 response independent of the timing of the subsequent pneumococcal stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrated that successive challenge of dendritic cells with influenza virus and pneumococcus resulted in synergistic up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines with simultaneous down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine, which may explain the immuno-pathogenesis of this important co-infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]],"date-time":"2011-07-20T02:36:48Z","timestamp":1311129408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Successive influenza virus infection and Streptococcus pneumoniae stimulation alter human dendritic cell function"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuet","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-To","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kin-Hung","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pak-Leung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lung","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5821","key":"1532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1126\/science.316.5821.49c","volume":"316","author":"KP Klugman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klugman KP, Madhi SA: Pneumococcal vaccines and flu preparedness. Science. 2007, 316 (5821): 49-50.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1086\/313772","volume":"30","author":"KL O'Brien","year":"2000","unstructured":"O'Brien KL, Walters MI, Sellman J, Quinlisk P, Regnery H, Schwartz B, Dowell SF: Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Previously Healthy Children: The Role of Preceding Influenza Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30 (5): 784-789. 10.1086\/313772.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"1532_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051721","volume":"353","author":"N Bhat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, Murray EL, Greenberg ME, Glover MJ, Likos AM, Posey DL, Klimov A, Lindstrom SE, Balish A, Medina M, Wallis TR, Guarner J, Paddock CD, Shieh W, Zaki SR, Sejvar JJ, Shay DK, Harper SA, Cox NJ, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM: Influenza-Associated Deaths among Children in the United States, 2003-2004. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353 (24): 2559-10.1056\/NEJMoa051721.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-58","volume":"6","author":"K Grabowska","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grabowska K, Hogberg L, Penttinen P, Svensson A, Ekdahl K: Occurrence of invasive pneumococcal disease and number of excess cases due to influenza. BMC Infect Dis. 2006, 6 (1): 58-10.1186\/1471-2334-6-58.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"1532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.070751","volume":"14","author":"R Gupta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gupta R, George R, Nguyen-Van-Tam J: Bacterial pneumonia and pandemic influenza planning. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14 (8): 1187-","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"1532_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1077","volume":"10","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Madhi SA, Klugman KP: A role for Streptococcus pneumoniae in virus-associated pneumonia. Nat Med. 2004, 10 (8): 811-813. 10.1038\/nm1077.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.701","volume":"113","author":"IC Michelow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Michelow IC, Olsen K, Lozano J, Rollins NK, Duffy LB, Ziegler T, Kauppila J, Leinonen M, McCracken GH: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (4): 701-707. 10.1542\/peds.113.4.701.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1086\/649208","volume":"50","author":"ND Walter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walter ND, Taylor TH, Shay DK, Thompson WW, Brammer L, Dowell SF, Moore MR: Influenza Circulation and the Burden of Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia during a Non-pandemic Period in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2010, 50 (2): 175-183. 10.1086\/649208.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"1532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071313","volume":"14","author":"J Brundage","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brundage J, Shanks G: Deaths from bacterial pneumonia during 1918 influenza pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14 (8): 1193-","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1532_CR10","first-page":"1071","volume":"58","author":"Centre of Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centre of Disease Control and Prevention: Bacterial co-infections in lung tissue specimens from fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)-United States, May-August 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009, 58: 1071-1074.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"26","key":"1532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0908216","volume":"361","author":"Y-W Chien","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chien Y-W, Klugman KP, Morens DM: Bacterial Pathogens and Death during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2009, 361 (26): 2582-2583. 10.1056\/NEJMc0908216.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.081208","volume":"15","author":"K Klugman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klugman K, Astley C, Lipsitch M: Time from illness onset to death, 1918 influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009, 15 (2): 346-10.3201\/eid1502.081208.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Supplement 3","key":"1532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.06.007","volume":"27","author":"KP Klugman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klugman KP, Chien Y-W, Madhi SA: Pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza: A deadly combination. Vaccine. 2009, 27 (Supplement 3): C9-C14.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"1532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70466-2","volume":"6","author":"J Brundage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brundage J: Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006, 6 (5): 303-312. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70466-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-05","volume":"19","author":"JA McCullers","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCullers JA: Insights into the Interaction between Influenza Virus and Pneumococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006, 19 (3): 571-582. 10.1128\/CMR.00058-05.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02729.x","volume":"122","author":"A Didierlaurent","year":"2007","unstructured":"Didierlaurent A, Goulding J, Hussell T: The impact of successive infections on the lung microenvironment. Immunology. 2007, 122 (4): 457-465. 10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02729.x.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.1.50","volume":"69","author":"G Engelich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Engelich G, White M, Hartshorn KL: Neutrophil survival is markedly reduced by incubation with influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: role of respiratory burst. J Leukoc Biol. 2001, 69 (1): 50-56.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00287-7","volume":"94","author":"AM LeVine","year":"2001","unstructured":"LeVine AM, Koeningsknecht V, Stark JM: Decreased pulmonary clearance of S. pneumoniae following influenza A infection in mice. J Virol Methods. 2001, 94 (1-2): 173-186. 10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00287-7.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"1532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1086\/341462","volume":"186","author":"JA McCullers","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCullers JA, Rehg JE: Lethal Synergism between Influenza Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization of a Mouse Model and the Role of Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186 (3): 341-350. 10.1086\/341462.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902772","volume":"184","author":"C-L Small","year":"2010","unstructured":"Small C-L, Shaler CR, McCormick S, Jeyanathan M, Damjanovic D, Brown EG, Arck P, Jordana M, Kaushic C, Ashkar AA, Xing Z: Influenza Infection Leads to Increased Susceptibility to Subsequent Bacterial Superinfection by Impairing NK Cell Responses in the Lung. J Immunol. 2010, 184 (4): 2048-2056. 10.4049\/jimmunol.0902772.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.200900025","volume":"1","author":"M Littmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Littmann M, Albiger B, Frentzen A, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B, Plant L: Streptococcus pneumoniae evades human dendritic cell surveillance by pneumolysin expression. EMBO Mol Med. 2009, 1 (4): 211-222. 10.1002\/emmm.200900025.","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1532_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901329","volume":"183","author":"J Zheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zheng J, Liu Y, Qin G, Chan P-L, Mao H, Lam K-T, Lewis DB, Lau Y-L, Tu W: Efficient Induction and Expansion of Human Alloantigen-Specific CD8 Regulatory T Cells from Naive Precursors by CD40-Activated B Cells. J Immunol. 2009, 183 (6): 3742-3750. 10.4049\/jimmunol.0901329.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.189","volume":"173","author":"W-K Ip","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ip W-K, Lau Y-L: Distinct Maturation of, but Not Migration between, Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells upon Ingestion of Apoptotic Cells of Early or Late Phases. J Immunol. 2004, 173 (1): 189-196.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9215","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00805-09","volume":"83","author":"H Mao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mao H, Tu W, Qin G, Law HKW, Sia SF, Chan P-L, Liu Y, Lam K-T, Zheng J, Peiris JSM, Lau Y-L: Influenza virus directly infects human natural killer cells and induces cell apoptosis. J Virol. 2009, 83 (18): 9215-9222. 10.1128\/JVI.00805-09.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1532_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1086\/605413","volume":"200","author":"G Qin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qin G, Mao H, Zheng J, Sia SF, Liu Y, Chan P-L, Lam K-T, Peiris JSM, Lau Y-L, Tu W: Phosphoantigen-expanded human \u03b3\u03b4 T cells display potent cytotoxicity against monocyte-derived macrophages infected with human and avian influenza viruses. J Infect Dis. 2009, 200 (6): 858-865. 10.1086\/605413.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.7.3508","volume":"171","author":"J Colino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Colino J, Snapper CM: Opposing Signals from Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns and IL-10 Are Critical for Optimal Dendritic Cell Induction of In Vivo Humoral Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Immunol. 2003, 171 (7): 3508-3519.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1532_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804383","volume":"183","author":"N Noske","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noske N, K\u00e4mmerer U, Rohde M, Hammerschmidt S: Pneumococcal Interaction with Human Dendritic Cells: Phagocytosis, Survival, and Induced Adaptive Immune Response Are Manipulated by PavA. J Immunol. 2009, 183 (3): 1952-1963. 10.4049\/jimmunol.0804383.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1532_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-152041","volume":"112","author":"W Tu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tu W, Lau Y-L, Zheng J, Liu Y, Chan P-L, Mao H, Dionis K, Schneider P, Lewis DB: Efficient generation of human alloantigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells from naive precursors by CD40-activated B cells. Blood. 2008, 112 (6): 2554-2562. 10.1182\/blood-2008-04-152041.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"13","key":"1532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00519-10","volume":"84","author":"W Tu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tu W, Mao H, Zheng J, Liu Y, Chiu SS, Qin G, Chan P-L, Lam K-T, Guan J, Zhang L, Guan Y, Yuen K-Y, Peiris JSM, Lau Y-L: Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Established by Seasonal Human Influenza Cross-React against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus. J Virol. 2010, 84 (13): 6527-6535. 10.1128\/JVI.00519-10.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040724","volume":"41","author":"J Zheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zheng J, Liu Y, Qin G, Lam K-T, Guan J, Xiang Z, Lewis DB, Lau Y-L, Tu W: Generation of human Th1-like regulatory CD4+ T cells by an intrinsic IFN-\u03b3- and T-bet-dependent pathway. Eur J Immunol. 2011, 41 (1): 128-139. 10.1002\/eji.201040724.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.01.008","volume":"343","author":"D Xie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xie D: Fluorescent dye labeled influenza virus mainly infects innate immune cells and activated lymphocytes and can be used in cell-mediated immune response assay. J Immunol Methods. 2009, 343 (1): 42-48. 10.1016\/j.jim.2009.01.008.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"1532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp087","volume":"21","author":"D Xie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xie D, Bai H, Liu L, Xie X, Ayello J, Ma X, Zhang J: Apoptosis of lymphocytes and monocytes infected with influenza virus might be the mechanism of combating virus and causing secondary infection by influenza. Int Immunol. 2009, 21 (11): 1251-1262. 10.1093\/intimm\/dxp087.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0212-3","volume":"85","author":"M Grayson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grayson M, Holtzman M: Emerging role of dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection. J Mol Med. 2007, 85 (10): 1057-1068. 10.1007\/s00109-007-0212-3.","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"issue":"5543","key":"1532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5543.870","volume":"294","author":"Q Huang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huang Q, Liu D, Majewski P, Schulte LC, Korn JM, Young RA, Lander ES, Hacohen N: The plasticity of dendritic cell responses to pathogens and their components. Science. 2001, 294 (5543): 870-875. 10.1126\/science.294.5543.870.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"1532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7551","volume":"177","author":"A Boonstra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boonstra A, Rajsbaum R, Holman M, Marques R, Asselin-Paturel C, Pereira JP, Bates EEM, Akira S, Vieira P, Liu Y-J, Trinchieri G, O'Garra A: Macrophages and Myeloid Dendritic Cells, but Not Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells, Produce IL-10 in Response to MyD88- and TRIF-Dependent TLR Signals, and TLR-Independent Signals. J Immunol. 2006, 177 (11): 7551-7558.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/511989","volume":"195","author":"DM Morens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morens DM, Fauci AS: The 1918 influenza pandemic: Insights for the 21st century. J Infect Dis. 2007, 195 (7): 1018-1028. 10.1086\/511989.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","volume":"198","author":"DM Morens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS: Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: Implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis. 2008, 198 (7): 962-970. 10.1086\/591708.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1532_CR38","first-page":"82","volume":"57","author":"MW Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith MW, Schmidt JE, Rehg JE, Orihuela CJ, McCullers JA: Induction of pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza. Comp Med. 2007, 57 (1): 82-89.","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.4.375","volume":"61","author":"J Savill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Savill J: Apoptosis in resolution of inflammation. J Leukoc Biol. 1997, 61 (4): 375-380.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"1532_CR40","volume-title":"Eur Respir J","author":"I Moret","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moret I, Lorenzo MJ, Sarria B, Cases E, Morcillo E, Perpi\u00f1\u00e1 M, Molina JM, Men\u00e9ndez R: Increased lung neutrophil apoptosis and inflammation resolution in nonresponding pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2011"},{"issue":"1, Supplement 1","key":"1532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2008.11.007","volume":"15","author":"KL Rock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rock KL: Pathobiology of Inflammation to Cell Death. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009, 15 (1, Supplement 1): 137-138. 10.1016\/j.bbmt.2008.11.007.","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2215","volume":"8","author":"H Kono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kono H, Rock KL: How dying cells alert the immune system to danger. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008, 8 (4): 279-289. 10.1038\/nri2215.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1532_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L586","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90569.2008","volume":"297","author":"VM Borges","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borges VM, Vandivier RW, McPhillips KA, Kench JA, Morimoto K, Groshong SD, Richens TR, Graham BB, Muldrow AM, Heule LV, Henson PM, Janssen WJ: TNF\u03b1 inhibits apoptotic cell clearance in the lung, exacerbating acute inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009, 297 (4): L586-L595. 10.1152\/ajplung.90569.2008.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1532_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2008.26","volume":"86","author":"SS Diebold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diebold SS: Determination of T-cell fate by dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol. 2008, 86 (5): 389-397. 10.1038\/icb.2008.26.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T02:24:40Z","timestamp":1686191080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"201"}}