{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:08:04Z","timestamp":1781222884192,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]],"date-time":"2011-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) has become an important measure in the diagnosis and monitoring of HCV infection treatment. In the United States (U.S.) HCV GT 1 is reported as the most common infecting GT among chronically infected patients. In Europe, however, recent studies have suggested that the epidemiology of HCV GTs is changing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed HCV GT distribution in 460 patients from three HCV-infected high risk populations in San Francisco, and examined patterns by birth cohort to assess temporal trends. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors independently associated with GT 1 infection compared to other GTs (2, 3, and 4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, GT 1 was predominant (72.4%), however younger injection drug users (IDU) had a lower proportion of GT 1 infections (54.7%) compared to older IDU and HIV-infected patients (80.5% and 76.6%, respectively). Analysis by birth cohort showed increasing proportions of non-GT 1 infections associated with year of birth: birth before 1970 was independently associated with higher adjusted odds of GT 1: AOR 2.03 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.34). African-Americans as compared to whites also had higher adjusted odds of GT 1 infection (AOR: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.89, 5.99).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although, HCV GT 1 remains the most prevalent GT, especially among older groups, changes in GT distribution could have significant implications for how HCV might be controlled on a population level and treated on an individual level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,3]],"date-time":"2011-08-03T06:22:55Z","timestamp":1312352575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Temporal changes in HCV genotype distribution in three different high risk populations in San Francisco, California"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Paulo Telles","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Delwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R","family":"Edlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Deeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1549_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20819","volume":"42","author":"P Simmonds","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C, Deleage G, Enomoto N, Feinstone S, Halfon P, Inchauspe G, Kuiken C, Maertens G, Mizokami M, Murphy DG, Okamoto H, Pawlotsky JM, Penin F, Sablon E, Shin IT, Stuyver LJ, Thiel HJ, Viazov S, Weiner AJ, Widell A: Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2005, 42 (4): 962-973. 10.1002\/hep.20819.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"13","key":"1549_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020047","volume":"347","author":"MW Fried","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL, Haussinger D, Diago M, Carosi G, Dhumeaux D, Craxi A, Lin A, Hoffman J, Yu J: Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347 (13): 975-982. 10.1056\/NEJMoa020047.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9286","key":"1549_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5","volume":"358","author":"MP Manns","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, Goodman ZD, Koury K, Ling M, Albrecht JK: Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001, 358 (9286): 958-965. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"22","key":"1549_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032502","volume":"350","author":"AJ Muir","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muir AJ, Bornstein JD, Killenberg PG: Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in blacks and non-Hispanic whites. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350 (22): 2265-2271. 10.1056\/NEJMoa032502.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"1549_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811193392101","volume":"339","author":"JG McHutchison","year":"1998","unstructured":"McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, Shiffman ML, Lee WM, Rustgi VK, Goodman ZD, Ling MH, Cort S, Albrecht JK: Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1998, 339 (21): 1485-1492. 10.1056\/NEJM199811193392101.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1549_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobler LH, Bahrami SH, Kaidarova Z, Pitina L, Winkelman VK, Vanderpool SK, Guiltinan AM, Cooper S, Busch MP, Murphy EL: A case-control study of factors associated with resolution of hepatitis C viremia in former blood donors (CME). Transfusion. 50 (7): 1513-1523.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02634.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"1549_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.450","volume":"284","author":"DL Thomas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, Anania FA, Schaeffer M, galai N, Nolt K, Nelson KE, Strathdee SA, Johnson L, Laeyendecker O, Boitnott J, Wilson LE, Vlahov D: The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000, 284 (4): 450-456. 10.1001\/jama.284.4.450.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"1549_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schito ML, D'Souza MP, Owen SM, Busch MP: Challenges for rapid molecular HIV diagnostics. J Infect Dis. 201 (Suppl 1): S1-6.","DOI":"10.1086\/650394"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.010","volume":"134","author":"R Moucari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moucari R, Asselah T, Cazals-Hatem D, Voitot H, Boyer N, Ripault MP, Sobesky R, Martinot-Peignoux M, Maylin S, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Paradis V, Vidaud M, Valla D, Bedossa P, Marcellin P: Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008, 134 (2): 416-423. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.010.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1086\/426513","volume":"191","author":"TW Yoo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoo TW, Donfield S, Lail A, Lynn HS, Daar ES: Effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype on HCV and HIV-1 disease. J Infect Dis. 2005, 191 (1): 4-10. 10.1086\/426513.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR11","first-page":"103","volume":"20","author":"P Farci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Farci P, Purcell RH: Clinical significance of hepatitis C virus genotypes and quasispecies. Semin Liver Dis. 2000, 20 (1): 103-126.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1549_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.02.043","volume":"117","author":"MJ Hepburn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hepburn MJ, Hepburn LM, Cantu NS, Lapeer MG, Lawitz EJ: Differences in treatment outcome for hepatitis C among ethnic groups. Am J Med. 2004, 117 (3): 163-168. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.02.043.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1549_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2001.00292.x","volume":"8","author":"JL Kinzie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kinzie JL, Naylor PH, Nathani MG, Peleman RR, Ehrinpreis MN, Lybik M, Turner JR, Janisse JJ, Massanari M, Mutchnick MG: African Americans with genotype 1 treated with interferon for chronic hepatitis C have a lower end of treatment response than Caucasians. J Viral Hepat. 2001, 8 (4): 264-269. 10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2001.00292.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"7262","key":"1549_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309","volume":"461","author":"D Ge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, Urban TJ, Heinzen EL, Qiu P, Bertelsen AH, Muir AJ, Sulkowski M, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB: Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature. 2009, 461 (7262): 399-401. 10.1038\/nature08309.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7265","key":"1549_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08463","volume":"461","author":"DL Thomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thomas DL, Thio CL, Martin MP, Qi Y, Ge D, O'Huigin C, Kidd J, Kidd K, Khakoo SI, Alexander G, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Donfield SM, Rosen HR, Tobler LH, Busch MP, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB, Carrington M: Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. Nature. 2009, 461 (7265): 798-801. 10.1038\/nature08463.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"1549_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70126-9","volume":"8","author":"GT Strickland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strickland GT, El-Kamary SS, Klenerman P, Nicosia A: Hepatitis C vaccine: supply and demand. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008, 8 (6): 379-386. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70126-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1549_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80381-X","volume":"31","author":"MJ Alter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alter MJ: Hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. J Hepatol. 1999, 31 (Suppl 1): 88-91.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1549_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00221.x","volume":"7","author":"LM Blatt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blatt LM, Mutchnick MG, Tong MJ, Klion FM, Lebovics E, Freilich B, Bach N, Smith C, Herrera J, Tobias H, Conrad A, Schmid P, McHutchison JG: Assessment of hepatitis C virus RNA and genotype from 6807 patients with chronic hepatitis C in the United States. J Viral Hepat. 2000, 7 (3): 196-202. 10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00221.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.007","volume":"131","author":"OV Nainan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nainan OV, Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Gao FX, Xia G, McQuillan G, Margolis HS: Hepatitis C virus genotypes and viral concentrations in participants of a general population survey in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2006, 131 (2): 478-484. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.007.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1549_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00605.x","volume":"12","author":"C Payan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Payan C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Marcellin P, Bled N, Duverlie G, Fouchard-Hubert I, Trimoulet P, Couzigou P, Cointe D, Chaput C, Henquell C, Abergel A, Pawlotsky JM, Hezode C, Coude M, Blanchi A, Alain S, Loustaud-Ratti V, Chevallier P, Trepo C, Gerolami V, Portal I, Halfon P, Bourliere M, Bogard M, Plouvier E, Laffont C, Agius G, Silvain C, Brodard V, et al: Changing of hepatitis C virus genotype patterns in France at the beginning of the third millenium: The GEMHEP GenoCII Study. J Viral Hepat. 2005, 12 (4): 405-413. 10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00605.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.02.001","volume":"42","author":"S Chlabicz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chlabicz S, Flisiak R, Kowalczuk O, Grzeszczuk A, Pytel-Krolczuk B, Prokopowicz D, Chyczewski L: Changing HCV genotypes distribution in Poland--relation to source and time of infection. J Clin Virol. 2008, 42 (2): 156-159. 10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.02.001.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2002.00319.x","volume":"9","author":"M Bourliere","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bourliere M, Barberin JM, Rotily M, Guagliardo V, Portal I, Lecomte L, Benali S, Boustiere C, Perrier H, Jullien M, Lambot G, Loyer R, LeBars O, Daniel R, Khiri H, Halfon P: Epidemiological changes in hepatitis C virus genotypes in France: evidence in intravenous drug users. J Viral Hepat. 2002, 9 (1): 62-70. 10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2002.00319.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00649.x","volume":"13","author":"A Katsoulidou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katsoulidou A, Sypsa V, Tassopoulos NC, Boletis J, Karafoulidou A, Ketikoglou I, Tsantoulas D, Vafiadi I, Hatzis G, Skoutelis A, Akriviadis E, Vasiliadis T, Kitis G, Magiorkinis G, Hatzakis A: Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Greece: temporal trends in HCV genotype-specific incidence and molecular characterization of genotype 4 isolates. J Viral Hepat. 2006, 13 (1): 19-27. 10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00649.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"5","key":"1549_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1866-1868.2002","volume":"40","author":"M Schroter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schroter M, Zollner B, Schafer P, Reimer A, Muller M, Laufs R, Feucht HH: Epidemiological dynamics of hepatitis C virus among 747 German individuals: new subtypes on the advance. J Clin Microbiol. 2002, 40 (5): 1866-1868. 10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1866-1868.2002.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.1.46","volume":"91","author":"J Lorvick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lorvick J, Kral AH, Seal K, Gee L, Edlin BR: Prevalence and duration of hepatitis C among injection drug users in San Francisco, Calif. Am J Public Health. 2001, 91 (1): 46-47.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1549_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1086\/605947","volume":"200","author":"K Page","year":"2009","unstructured":"Page K, Hahn JA, Evans J, Shiboski S, Lum P, Delwart E, Tobler L, Andrews W, Avanesyan L, Cooper S, Busch MP: Acute hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users: a prospective study of incident infection, resolution, and reinfection. J Infect Dis. 2009, 200 (8): 1216-1226. 10.1086\/605947.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/524143","volume":"197","author":"PW Hunt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hunt PW, Brenchley J, Sinclair E, McCune JM, Roland M, Page-Shafer K, Hsue P, Emu B, Krone M, Lampiris H, Douek D, Martin JN, Deeks SG: Relationship between T Cell Activation and CD4(+) T Cell Count in HIV-Seropositive Individuals with Undetectable Plasma HIV RNA Levels in the Absence of Therapy. J Infect Dis. 2008, 197 (1): 126-133. 10.1086\/524143.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1549_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01856.x","volume":"14","author":"RG Gish","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gish RG, Qian K, Brooks L, Leung J, Xu Y, Pike I, Lau JY: Characterization of anti-hepatitis C virus-positive sera not genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism or serology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999, 14 (4): 339-344.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1549_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80135-8","volume":"24","author":"P Simmonds","year":"1996","unstructured":"Simmonds P, Mellor J, Craxi A, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Alberti A, Prieto J, Colombo M, Rumi MG, Lo Iacano O, Ampurdanes-Mingall S, Forns-Bernhardt X, Chemello L, Civeira MP, Frost C, Dusheiko G: Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic associations of hepatitis C types in western European patients. J Hepatol. 1996, 24 (5): 517-524. 10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80135-8.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1549_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10210","volume":"68","author":"G Dal Molin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dal Molin G, Ansaldi F, Biagi C, D'Agaro P, Comar M, Croce L, Tiribelli C, Campello C: Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Northeast Italy. J Med Virol. 2002, 68 (3): 352-356. 10.1002\/jmv.10210.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1549_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-1376-9","volume":"24","author":"C Mathei","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathei C, Wollants E, Verbeeck J, Van Ranst M, Robaeys G, Van Damme P, Buntinx F: Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C among drug users in Flanders, Belgium: association of genotype with clinical parameters and with sex- and drug-related risk behaviours. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005, 24 (8): 514-522. 10.1007\/s10096-005-1376-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1086\/380821","volume":"189","author":"L van Asten","year":"2004","unstructured":"van Asten L, Verhaest I, Lamzira S, Hernandez-Aguado I, Zangerle R, Boufassa F, Rezza G, Broers B, Robertson JR, Brettle RP, McMenamin J, Prins M, Cochrane A, Simmonds P, Coutinho RA, Bruisten S: Spread of hepatitis C virus among European injection drug users infected with HIV: a phylogenetic analysis. J Infect Dis. 2004, 189 (2): 292-302. 10.1086\/380821.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.2.166","volume":"167","author":"GL Armstrong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Armstrong GL: Injection drug users in the United States, 1979-2002: an aging population. Arch Intern Med. 2007, 167 (2): 166-173. 10.1001\/archinte.167.2.166.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1549_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9213-3","volume":"84","author":"RN Bluthenthal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bluthenthal RN, Do DP, Finch B, Martinez A, Edlin BR, Kral AH: Community characteristics associated with HIV risk among injection drug users in the San Francisco Bay Area: a multilevel analysis. J Urban Health. 2007, 84 (5): 653-666. 10.1007\/s11524-007-9213-3.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1549_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00165.x","volume":"97","author":"RA Johnson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson RA, Gerstein DR, Pach A, Cerbone FG, Brown J: HIV risk behaviors in African-American drug injector networks: implications of injection-partner mixing and partnership characteristics. Addiction. 2002, 97 (8): 1011-1024. 10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00165.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"1549_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti088","volume":"82","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Lieb S, Tempalski B, Cooper H, Keem M, Friedman R, Flom PL: HIV among injection drug users in large US metropolitan areas, 1998. J Urban Health. 2005, 82 (3): 434-445.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1549_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9399-7","volume":"86","author":"HL Cooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooper HL, Bossak BH, Tempalski B, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC: Temporal trends in spatial access to pharmacies that sell over-the-counter syringes in New York City health districts: relationship to local racial\/ethnic composition and need. J Urban Health. 2009, 86 (6): 929-945. 10.1007\/s11524-009-9399-7.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1549_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.11.002","volume":"32","author":"KG Heinzerling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heinzerling KG, Kral AH, Flynn NM, Anderson RL, Scott A, Gilbert ML, Asch SM, Bluthenthal RN: Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus testing services at syringe exchange programs: availability and outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007, 32 (4): 423-429. 10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.11.002.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1549_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9122-x","volume":"84","author":"TJ Stopka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stopka TJ, Garfein RS, Ross A, Truax SR: Increasing syringe access and HIV prevention in California: findings from a survey of local health jurisdiction key personnel. J Urban Health. 2007, 84 (1): 116-125. 10.1007\/s11524-006-9122-x.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1549_CR40","volume-title":"Nature","author":"DL Thomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thomas DL, Thio CL, Martin MP, Qi Y, Ge D, O'Huigin C, Kidd J, Kidd K, Khakoo SI, Alexander G, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Donfield SM, Rosen HR, Tobler LH, Busch MP, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB, Carrington M: Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. Nature. 2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"1549_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00372.x","volume":"10","author":"MA Serra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Serra MA, Rodriguez F, del Olmo JA, Escudero A, Rodrigo JM: Influence of age and date of infection on distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes and fibrosis stage. J Viral Hepat. 2003, 10 (3): 183-188. 10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00372.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"1549_CR42","volume-title":"J Clin Microbiol","author":"JJ Germer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Germer JJ, Mandrekar JN, Bendel JL, Mitchell PS, Yao JD: Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Clinical Specimens Tested at a National Reference Testing Laboratory in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1309\/RBAAC0HJFWRJB1HD","volume":"128","author":"R Nadarajah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nadarajah R, Khan GY, Miller SA, Brooks GF: Evaluation of a new-generation line-probe assay that detects 5' untranslated and core regions to genotype and subtype hepatitis C virus. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007, 128 (2): 300-304. 10.1309\/RBAAC0HJFWRJB1HD.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1549_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1086\/424491","volume":"190","author":"BL Herring","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herring BL, Page-Shafer K, Tobler LH, Delwart EL: Frequent hepatitis C virus superinfection in injection drug users. J Infect Dis. 2004, 190 (8): 1396-1403. 10.1086\/424491.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1549_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00264-0","volume":"27","author":"M Schroter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schroter M, Feucht HH, Zollner B, Schafer P, Laufs R: Multiple infections with different HCV genotypes: prevalence and clinical impact. J Clin Virol. 2003, 27 (2): 200-204. 10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00264-0.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T12:25:49Z","timestamp":1638188749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-208","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"208"}}