{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T22:55:06Z","timestamp":1768085706286,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]],"date-time":"2011-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,9]],"date-time":"2011-11-09T20:23:15Z","timestamp":1320870195000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The influence of different helminth infection phenotypes on immune responses against HIV in co-infected adults in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zilungile L","family":"Mkhize-Kwitshana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Jooste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musawenkosi LH","family":"Mabaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Walzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.1012-1030.2004","volume":"17","author":"G Borkow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Borkow G, Bentwich Z: Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and Human Immunodeficency Virus infections: Role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2004, 17 (4): 1012-1030. 10.1128\/CMR.17.4.1012-1030.2004.","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.753-777.2001","volume":"14","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Butera S, Folks TM: The contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type1 infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001, 14 (4): 753-777. 10.1128\/CMR.14.4.753-777.2001.","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"1622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1086\/317623","volume":"182","author":"R Gopinath","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gopinath R, Ostrowski M, Justement SJ, Fauci AS, Nutman TB: Filarial infections increase susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. The Journal of Infectious diseases. 2000, 182: 1804-1808. 10.1086\/317623.","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious diseases"},{"issue":"14","key":"1622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200009290-00003","volume":"14","author":"M Clerici","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clerici M, Butto S, Lukwiya M, Sarasella M, Declich S, Trabattoni D, Pastori C, Piconi S, Fracasso C, Fabiani M, Ferrante P, Rizzardini G, Lopalco L: Immune activation in Africa is enviromentally-driven and is associated with upregulation of CCR5. AIDS. 2000, 14 (14): 2083-2092. 10.1097\/00002030-200009290-00003.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"1622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.5.864-866.2001","volume":"8","author":"M Clerici","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clerici M, Declich S, Rizzardini G: African enigma: key player in Human Immunodeficiency Virus pathogenesis in developing countries?. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001, 8 (5): 864-866.","journal-title":"Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"},{"issue":"18","key":"1622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199818000-00007","volume":"12","author":"G Rizzardini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rizzardini G, Trabattoni D, Saresella M, Piconi S, Lukwiya M, Declich S, Fabiani M, Ferrante P, Clerici M: Immune activation in HIV-infected African individuals: Italian-Ugandan AIDS cooperation program. AIDS. 1998, 12 (18): 2387-2396. 10.1097\/00002030-199818000-00007.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"1622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6668-6671.2003","volume":"71","author":"WE Secor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Secor WE, Shah A, Mwinzi PMN, Ndenga BA, Watta CO, Karanja DMS: Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4+ T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infection and Immunity. 2003, 71 (11): 6668-6671. 10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6668-6671.2003.","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"1622_CR8","first-page":"1731","volume":"12","author":"O Shapira-Nahor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shapira-Nahor O, Kalinkovinch A, Weisman Z, Greenberg Z, Nahmias J, Shapiro M, Panet A, Bentwich Z: Increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically immune-activated individuals. AIDS. 1998, 12: 1731-1733.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6843","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.11.6843","volume":"162","author":"I Malhotra","year":"1999","unstructured":"Malhotra I, Mungai P, Wamachi A, Kioko J, Ouma JH, Kazura JW: Helminth and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-induced immunity in children sensitized in utero to filariasis and schistosomiasis. The Journal of Immunology. 1999, 162: 6843-6848.","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"1622_CR10","volume-title":"Report on the global AIDS Epidemic","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2010","unstructured":"UNAIDS: Report on the global AIDS Epidemic. 2010, Accessed 22 January 2011, [ http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/globalreport\/Global_report.htm ]"},{"key":"1622_CR11","first-page":"7","volume":"2","author":"AC Evans","year":"1987","unstructured":"Evans AC, du Preez L, van der Merve CA, Schutte CHJ: Observations on the helminth infections in black pupils of the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld of South Africa. South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection. 1987, 2: 7-14.","journal-title":"South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR12","first-page":"647","volume":"86","author":"JE Fincham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fincham JE, Evans AC, Woodrof CW, Seager JR, Benade AJS, Appleton CC: Feed the children, not the parasites - an essential part of primary health care in South Africa. South African Medical Journal. 1996, 86 (6): 647-649.","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01216.x","volume":"9","author":"MLH Mabaso","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mabaso MLH, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E: Hookworm (Necator americanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2004, 9 (4): 471-476. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01216.x.","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.384","volume":"72","author":"E Saathoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saathoff E, Olsen A, Sharp B, Kvalsvig JD, Appleton CC, Kleinschmidt I: Ecologic covariates of hookworm infection and reinfection in rural KwaZulu-Natal\/South Africa: a geographic information system-based study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2005, 72 (4): 384-391.","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"1622_CR15","first-page":"18","volume":"20","author":"CT Wolmarans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wolmarans CT, Bremond P, de Kock KN: The occurrence and distribution of schistosome intermediate hosts in relation to the prevalence of schistosome infections in humans in a highly endemic area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Epidemiology & Infection. 2005, 20: 18-22.","journal-title":"South African Journal of Epidemiology & Infection"},{"key":"1622_CR16","volume-title":"MRC Policy brief","author":"J Fincham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fincham J, Dhannsay A: Helminths in SA's children. MRC Policy brief. 2006, 2:"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X398212","volume":"103","author":"CC Appleton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Appleton CC, Mosala TI, Levin J, Olsen A: Goehelminth infection and re-infection after chemotherapy among slum-dwelling children in Durban, South Africa. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 2009, 103 (3): 249-261. 10.1179\/136485909X398212.","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"key":"1622_CR18","volume-title":"Southern African Regional Poverty Network","author":"The Human Sciences Research Council Fact Sheet","year":"2004","unstructured":"The Human Sciences Research Council Fact Sheet: Poverty in South Africa. Southern African Regional Poverty Network. 2004, Accessed 22 July 2010, [ http:\/\/www.sarpn.org.za\/documents\/d0000990 ]"},{"key":"1622_CR19","volume-title":"Technical Report 2001. South African Medical Research Council","author":"D Bradshaw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bradshaw D, Steyn K: Poverty and Chronic Diseases in South Africa. Technical Report 2001. South African Medical Research Council. 2002"},{"issue":"88","key":"1622_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"VJ Adams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adams VJ, Markus MB, Kwitshana ZL, Dhansay MA, van der Merwe L, Walzl G, Fincham JE: Recall of intestinal helminthiasis by HIV-infected South Africans and avoidance of possible misinterpretation of egg excretion in helminth\/HIV co-infection analyses. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2006, 6 (88): 1-8.","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"1622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183","volume":"3","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsk M: Immune regulation by helminth parasites, cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2003, 3: 733-744. 10.1038\/nri1183.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"1622_CR22","unstructured":"The Khayelitsha Task Team: Building health partnerships that work. Brochure published by the Khayelitsha Task Team 2001, Obtainable from the Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, ISBN1-919809-26-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR23","first-page":"538","volume":"96","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaikh N, Abdullah F, Lombard CJ, Smit L, Bradshaw D, Makubalo L: Masking through averages-intraprovincial heterogeneity in HIV prevalence within the Western Cape. South African Medical Journal. 2006, 96 (6): 538-543.","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"1622_CR24","first-page":"326","volume":"8","author":"LS Ritchie","year":"1948","unstructured":"Ritchie LS: Ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examination. Bulletin of the US Army Medical Department. 1948, 8: 326-","journal-title":"Bulletin of the US Army Medical Department"},{"key":"1622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.217","volume":"29","author":"PA Peters","year":"1980","unstructured":"Peters PA, El AM, Warren KS, Mahmoud AA: Quick Kato smear for field quantification of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1980, 29: 217-219.","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"1622_CR26","unstructured":"BD Biosciences\/Pharmingen Product Catalog. Technical Resources. 2003"},{"issue":"RR-17","key":"1622_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1992","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992, 41 (RR-17): 1-19.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"1622_CR28","volume-title":"Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach","author":"Word Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"Word Health Organization: Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2006, WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"1622_CR29","unstructured":"AIDS Education & Training Centers (AETC), HIV Classification: CDC, WHO staging systems National Resource Center: 2006, Acessed 2 February 2007, [ http:\/\/www.aidsetc.org\/aidsetc?page=cm-105_disease#t-2 ]"},{"key":"1622_CR30","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Bronchial Asthma- Mechanisms and Therapeutics","author":"JW Gerrard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gerrard JW: Genetic factors in the development of asthma. Bronchial Asthma- Mechanisms and Therapeutics. Edited by: Weiss EEB, Segal MS and Stein M. 1985, Boston: Little Brown, 24-29. 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90997-9","volume":"82","author":"M Haus","year":"1988","unstructured":"Haus M, Heese H, De V, Weinberg EG, Potter PC, Hall MJ, Malherbe D: The influence of ethnicity, an atopic family history and maternal ascariasis on cord blood serum IgE concentrations. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 1988, 82: 179-189. 10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90997-9.","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"1622_CR32","volume-title":"Immunobiology The immune system in health and disease","author":"CA Janeway","year":"2001","unstructured":"Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M: Immunobiology The immune system in health and disease. 2001, New York: Garland Publishing. Taylor & Francis Group, 5","edition":"5"},{"key":"1622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00736.x","volume":"114","author":"A Kalinkovinch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kalinkovinch A, Weisman Z, Greenberg Z, Nahmias J, Eitan S, Stein M, Bentwich Z: Decreased CD4 and increased CD8 counts with T cell activation is associated with chronic helminth infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1998, 114: 414-421. 10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00736.x.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"1622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200108010-00010","volume":"27","author":"Q Leng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leng Q, Borkow G, Weisman Z, Stein M, Kalinkovich A, Bentwich Z: Immune activation correlates better than HIV plasma viral load with CD4 Tcell decline during HIV infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2001, 27: 389-397.","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"1622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0402-319","volume":"8","author":"Z Grossman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grossman Z, Meier-Schellersheim M, Sousa AE, Victorino RMM, William EP: CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection: are we closer to understanding the cause?. Nature Medicine. 2002, 8: 319-10.1038\/nm0402-319.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"1622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.6.3400","volume":"169","author":"AE Sousa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sousa AE, Carneiro J, Meier-Schellersheim M, Grossman Z, Victorino RMM: CD4 T cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. The Journal of Immunology. 2002, 169: 3400-3406.","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"1622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.327","volume":"169","author":"DR Lucey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lucey DR, Dorsky DI, Nicholson-Weller A, Weller PF: Human eosinophils express CD4 protein and bind human immunodeficiency virus gp120. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1989, 169: 327-332. 10.1084\/jem.169.1.327.","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"1622_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.6.1661","volume":"174","author":"AR Freedman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Freedman AR, Gibson FM, Fleming SC, Spry C J, Griffin GE: Human immunodeficiency virus infection of eosinophils in human bone marrow cultures. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1991, 174: 1661-1664. 10.1084\/jem.174.6.1661.","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"1622_CR39","first-page":"575","volume":"12","author":"M Clerici","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clerici M, Shearer GM: The Th1-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: new insights. Immunology Today. 2001, 12: 575-581.","journal-title":"Immunology Today"},{"key":"1622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00909.x","volume":"28","author":"SM Kamal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamal SM, El Sayed, Khalifa K: Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections. Parasite Immunology. 2006, 28: 483-496. 10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00909.x.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T01:22:46Z","timestamp":1686446566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]]},"article-number":"273"}}