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Nevertheless, recent data on bacterial pathogens causing AOM in Latin America are limited. This prospective study aimed to identify and characterize bacterial etiology and serotypes of AOM cases including antimicrobial susceptibility in &lt; 5 year old Colombian children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From February 2008 to January 2009, children \u22653 months and &lt; 5 years of age presenting with AOM and for whom a middle ear fluid (MEF) sample was available were enrolled in two medical centers in Cali, Colombia. MEF samples were collected either by tympanocentesis procedure or spontaneous otorrhea swab sampling. Bacteria were identified using standard laboratory methods, and antimicrobial resistance testing was performed based on the 2009 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Most of the cases included in the study were sporadic in nature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 106 enrolled children, 99 were included in the analysis. Bacteria were cultured from 62\/99 (63%) of samples with<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, or S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>. The most commonly isolated bacteria were<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>in 31\/99 (31%) and<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>in 30\/99 (30%) of samples. The majority of<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>episodes were NTHi (27\/31; 87%). 19F was the most frequently isolated pneumococcal serotype (10\/30; 33%). Of the 30<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>positive samples, 8\/30 (27%) were resistant to tetracycline, 5\/30 (17%) to erythromycin and 8\/30 (27%) had intermediate resistance to penicillin. All<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>isolates tested were negative to beta-lactamase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NTHi and<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>are the leading causes of AOM in Colombian children. A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that prevents both pathogens could be useful in maximizing protection against AOM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,5]],"date-time":"2011-01-05T20:06:48Z","timestamp":1294258008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniaeas primary causes of acute otitis media in colombian children: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Sierra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pio","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercedes A","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria M","family":"Castrejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"DeAntonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P","family":"Hausdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romulo E","family":"Colindres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1347_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"eMedicine","author":"C Kathy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kathy C, Mathew W: Otitis media, ear, nose and throat. eMedicine. 2005, 1-11."},{"key":"1347_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559202200103","volume":"22","author":"GW Brobby","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brobby GW: The discharging ear in the tropics: a guide to diagnosis and management in a district hospital. 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