{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:59:02Z","timestamp":1758815942921},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]],"date-time":"2012-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Despite the reported high prevalence of osteoporosis in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-population, there have been no previous studies examining dairy calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV-subjects.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>We assessed the prevalence of low BMD in HIV-infected and uninfected subjects and analyzed the effects of calcium intake, lifestyle and HIV-related risk factors on BMD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One hundred and twelve HIV-infected subjects were consecutively enrolled. Seventy- six HIV-uninfected subjects matched for age and sex were enrolled as the control group. The HIV-subjects were interviewed about lifestyle habits and completed a weekly food-frequency questionnaire to estimate calcium intake. HIV-RNA, CD4+ T-cell count and data on antiretroviral therapy were also recorded. Both biochemical bone turnover markers and BMD, assessed by dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (DXA) were recorded in the HIV-cases and controls. We also calculated the 10-year fracture risks using the WHO FRAX equation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Osteoporosis prevalence was significantly higher in the HIV-cases than controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). BMI values were positively correlated with BMD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Vitamin D levels were lower in the HIV-subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.02). No correlation was found with daily calcium intake.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>BMI values were significantly correlated with dairy intake quartiles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.003). In HIV-subjects, the mean of FRAX score was 1.2 % for hip and 4.7 % for major osteoporotic fractures. On multivariate analysis of the lumbar spine DXA T-score, age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.005) and HIV\/hepatitis C virus co-infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) were negatively correlated with BMD, while yogurt intake was a protective predictor of BMD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). In the femur DXA T-score, age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), nadir CD4 + T-cell count &lt; 200 cells\/\u03bcL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and drug addiction ( <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) were negatively correlated with BMD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among the foods rich in calcium, yogurt was a protective predictor of BMD in HIV-subjects. HIV\/HCV co-infection, nadir CD4 + T-cell count &lt; 200 cells\/\u03bcL and drug addiction were independent predictors of severe BMD. Promoting behavioral changes in food intake and lifestyle, aimed at the primary prevention of bone disease in the chronically-infected subjects seems to be essential for implementing medical intervention in these cases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]],"date-time":"2012-08-15T18:14:23Z","timestamp":1345054463000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Dairy calcium intake and lifestyle risk factors for bone loss in hiv-infected and uninfected mediterranean subjects"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Valentina Li","family":"Vecchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Soresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Giannitrapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"La Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Tramuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Colomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Mansueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Madonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Montalto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S13852","volume":"5","author":"KC Mansky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mansky KC: Aging, human immunodeficiency virus, and bone health. 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