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Although the T cell response in human leishmaniasis is well-characterized, little is known about the concomitant macrophage behavior. The aim of this study was to characterize the macrophage immune response after<jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic>infection in cells derived from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) patients, subclinical individuals (SC) and healthy control subjects (HS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from the different groups were exposed to<jats:italic>L. braziliensis in vitro<\/jats:italic>and were evaluated for susceptibility to<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection, ability to kill<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>and chemokine\/cytokine production. Nitric Oxide (NO) and superoxide (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) levels in the supernatant of infected macrophage cultures were monitored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After exposure to<jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from SC individuals showed a lower infection rate and a smaller number of intracellular amastigotes compared to cells from CL and ML patients. Macrophages from CL and ML patients produced more chemokines and TNF-\u03b1 than those from the SC group. Production of NO and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>were detected but did not vary significantly among the different groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data indicate that macrophages play a pivotal role in controlling<jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>infection and in leishmaniasis pathology by secreting pro-inflammatory chemokines\/cytokines that activate and recruit T cells, overwhelming the inflammatory response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,29]],"date-time":"2012-03-29T12:15:13Z","timestamp":1333023313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Macrophages participate in host protection and the disease pathology associated with Leishmania braziliensisinfection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Giudice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Vendrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas P","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds","family":"Delavechia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar M","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ol\u00edvia","family":"Bacellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761991000100009","volume":"86","author":"AL Bittencourt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bittencourt AL, Barral A: Evaluation of the histopathological classifications of American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. 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