{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:28:52Z","timestamp":1781886532482,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]],"date-time":"2013-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are important causes of upper respiratory tract illness (URTI) and lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI). To analyse epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the four types of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), patients with acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) were studied in Guangzhou, southern China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Throat swabs (n=4755) were collected and tested from children and adults with ARTI over a 26-month period, and 4447 of 4755 (93.5%) patients\u2019 clinical presentations were recorded for further analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 4755 patients tested, 178 (3.7%) were positive for HPIV. Ninety-nine (2.1%) samples were positive for HPIV-3, 58 (1.2%) for HPIV-1, 19 (0.4%) for HPIV-2 and 8 (0.2%) for HPIV-4. 160\/178 (88.9%) HPIV-positive samples were from paediatric patients younger than 5\u2009years old, but no infant under one month of age was HPIV positive. Seasonal peaks of HPIV-3 and HPIV-1 occurred as autumn turned to winter and summer turned to autumn. HPIV-2 and HPIV-4 were detected less frequently, and their frequency of isolation increased when the frequency of HPIV-3 and HPIV-1 declined. HPIV infection led to a wide spectrum of symptoms, and more \u201choarseness\u201d (p=0.015), \u201cabnormal pulmonary breathing sound\u201d (p&lt;0.001), \u201cdyspnoea\u201d (p&lt;0.001), \u201cpneumonia\u201d (p=0.01), and \u201cdiarrhoea\u201d (p&lt;0.001) presented in HPIV-positive patients than HPIV-negative patients. 10\/10 (100%) HPIV-positive adult patients (\u226514\u2009years old) presented with systemic influenza-like symptoms, while 90\/164 (54.9%) HPIV-positive paediatric patients (&lt;14\u2009years old) presented with these symptoms (p=0.005). The only significant difference in clinical presentation between HPIV types was \u201cExpectoration\u201d (p&lt;0.001). Co-infections were common, with 33.3%\u201363.2% of samples positive for the four HPIV types also testing positive for other respiratory pathogens. However, no significant differences were seen in clinical presentation between patients solely infected with HPIV and patients co-infected with HPIV and other respiratory pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HPIV infection led to a wide spectrum of symptoms, and similar clinical manifestations were found in the patients with four different types of HPIVs. The study suggested pathogenic activity of HPIV in gastrointestinal illness. The clinical presentation of HPIV infection may differ by patient age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]],"date-time":"2013-01-23T12:02:29Z","timestamp":1358942549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wen-Kuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan-Xi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Feng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2214_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1086\/513975","volume":"175","author":"G Reed","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reed G, Jewett PH, Thompson J, Tollefson S, Wright PF: Epidemiology and clinical impact of parainfluenza virus infections in otherwise healthy infants and young children < 5\u2009years old. 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