{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T04:17:42Z","timestamp":1794543462874,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380672000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Physicians depend on reliable information on the local epidemiology of infection and antibiotic resistance rates to guide empiric treatment in critically ill patients. As these data are scarce for Central Africa, we performed a retrospective analysis of microbiological findings from a secondary care hospital in Gabon.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Microbiological reports from 2009 to 2012 were used to assess the non-susceptibility rates of the three most common isolates from six major types of infections (bloodstream, ear-eye-nose-throat, surgical site, skin and soft tissue, urinary tract and wound infection).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A high diversity of pathogens was found, but <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> was predominant in the majority of infections. Overall, the three most prevalent pathogens in children were <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (33.7%), <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> (8.1%) and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (4.5%) and in adults <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (23.5%), <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (15.1%) and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (7.4%). In total, 5.8% (n\u2009=\u200919) of all <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates were methicillin resistant. The proportion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae was 15.4% (n\u2009=\u200978), 49.4% of all <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were ESBL-producer (n\u2009=\u200942).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The high diversity of potential pathogens and high resistance rates in Gram-negative bacteria challenge a rational empiric use of antibiotics. Countrywide continuous sentinel surveillance is therefore urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T03:01:37Z","timestamp":1380682897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance and bacterial spectrum of infection in Gabon, Central Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abraham S","family":"Alabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Frielinghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"K\u00f6sters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u00ebla A M","family":"Huson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara C","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P","family":"Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadou","family":"Issifou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frieder","family":"Schaumburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12028","volume":"19","author":"MEA De Kraker","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Kraker MEA, Jarlier V, Monen JCM, Heuer OE, van de Sande N, Grundmann H: The changing epidemiology of bacteraemias in Europe: trends from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013, 19: 860-868. 10.1111\/1469-0691.12028.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02686.x","volume":"16","author":"Y Lubell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lubell Y, Ashley EA, Turner C, Turner P, White NJ: Susceptibility of community-acquired pathogens to antibiotics in Africa and Asia in neonates - an alarmingly short review. Trop Med Int Health. 2011, 16: 145-151. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02686.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.04.015","volume":"34","author":"E Vlieghe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vlieghe E, Phoba MF, Tamfun JJM, Jacobs J: Antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in Central Africa: a review of the published literature between 1955 and 2008. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009, 34: 295-303. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.04.015.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001921","volume":"6","author":"O Lunguya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lunguya O, Lejon V, Phoba MF, Bertrand S, Vanhoof R, Verhaegen J, et al: Salmonella Typhi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Fluoroquinolone decreased susceptibility on the rise. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012, 6: e1921-10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001921.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trs018","volume":"107","author":"F Schaumburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaumburg F, Alabi A, Von Eiff C, Flamen A, Traore H, Grobusch MP, et al: Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in remote African Pygmies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013, 107: 105-109. 10.1093\/trstmh\/trs018.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir522","volume":"53","author":"PL Woerther","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woerther PL, Angebault C, Jacquier H, Hugede HC, Janssens AC, Sayadi S, et al: Massive increase, spread, and exchange of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase? encoding genes among intestinal Enterobacteriaceae in hospitalized children with severe acute malnutrition in Niger. Clin Infect Dis. 2011, 53: 677-685. 10.1093\/cid\/cir522.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2655_CR7","volume-title":"Performance standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-first Informational Supplement M100-S21","author":"CLSI","year":"2011","unstructured":"CLSI: Performance standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-first Informational Supplement M100-S21. 2011, Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute"},{"key":"2655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002","volume":"36","author":"TC Horan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA: CDC\/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2008, 36: 309-332. 10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.3201\/edi1710.110327","volume":"17","author":"U Gross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gross U, Amuzu SK, De Ciman R, Kassimova I, Gross L, Rabsch W, et al: Bacteremia and antimicrobial drug resistance over time, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011, 17: 1879-1882.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70072-4","volume":"10","author":"EA Reddy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reddy EA, Shaw AV, Crump JA: Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 417-432. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70072-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03771.x","volume":"19","author":"F Schaumburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaumburg F, Biallas B, Feugap EN, Alabi AS, Mordm\u00fcller B, Kremsner PG, et al: Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anaemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013, 19: 235-241. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03771.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-904","volume":"12","author":"T Mhada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mhada T, Fredrick F, Matee M, Massawe A: Neonatal sepsis at Muhimbili national hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; aetiology, antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and clinical outcome. BMC Public Health. 2012, 12: 904-10.1186\/1471-2458-12-904.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02447.x","volume":"326","author":"F Kahn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kahn F, Rasmussen M: Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes?. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2012, 326: 1-10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02447.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2655_CR14","volume-title":"The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy","author":"DN Gilbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilbert DN, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM, Chambers HF, Saag MS: The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy. 2011, Sperryville, VA, USA: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., 41","edition":"41"},{"key":"2655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03534.x","volume":"17","author":"F Schaumburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaumburg F, Ngoa UA, K\u00f6sters K, K\u00f6ck R, Adegnika AA, Kremsner PG, et al: Virulence factors and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus from infection and carriage in Gabon. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011, 17: 1507-1513. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03534.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001150","volume":"5","author":"F Schaumburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaumburg F, K\u00f6ck R, Friedrich AW, Soulanoudjingar S, Ateba Ngoa U, Von Eiff C, et al: Population structure of Staphylococcus aureus from remote African Babongo Pygmies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011, 5: e1150-10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001150.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01947.x","volume":"14","author":"O Dumitrescu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dumitrescu O, Badiou C, Bes M, Reverdy ME, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, et al: Effect of antibiotics, alone and in combination, on Panton-Valentine leukocidin production by a Staphylococcus aureus reference strain. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008, 14: 384-388. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01947.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3273-3277.2005","volume":"43","author":"J Gangoue-Pieboji","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gangoue-Pieboji J, Bedenic B, Koulla-Shiro S, Randegger C, Adiogo D, Ngassam P, et al: Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43: 3273-3277. 10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3273-3277.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-39","volume":"10","author":"N Kayange","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kayange N, Kamugisha E, Mwizamholya D, Jeremiah S, Mshana S: Predictors of positive blood culture and deaths among neonates with suspected neonatal sepsis in a tertiary hospital, Mwanza- Tanzania. BMC Pediatr. 2010, 10: 39-10.1186\/1471-2431-10-39.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-49","volume":"2","author":"S Mshana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mshana S, Kamugisha E, Mirambo M, Chakraborty T, Lyamuya E: Prevalence of multiresistant gram-negative organisms in a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Research Notes. 2009, 2: 49-10.1186\/1756-0500-2-49.","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"key":"2655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt164","volume":"68","author":"F Schaumburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaumburg F, Alabi A, Kokou C, Grobusch MP, K\u00f6ck R, Kaba H, et al: High burden of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Gabon. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013, 68: 2140-2143. 10.1093\/jac\/dkt164.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir822","volume":"54","author":"P Zanger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zanger P, Nurjadi D, Schleucher R, Scherbaum H, Wolz C, Kremsner PG, et al: Import and spread of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus through nasal carriage and skin infections in travelers returning from the tropics and subtropics. Clin Infect Dis. 2012, 54: 483-492. 10.1093\/cid\/cir822.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T01:30:54Z","timestamp":1630546254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"455"}}