{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:29:59Z","timestamp":1791149399750,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A high prevalence of bacterial nasopharyngeal co-infections has been reported in children, however, such data is limited in adults. We examined the interaction of <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> pharyngeal colonization in mother-child dyads.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pneumococcal-vaccine na\u00efve children and their mothers had pharyngeal swabs undertaken at 1.6, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 7.4, 9.5, 12.5, 16.2 and 24.2 months of child\u2019s age. Swabs were cultured for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> using standard microbiologic methods. Multivariate generalized estimating equation-models were used to explore the associations of the three bacteria within and between children and their mothers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In children, the observed probability of co-colonization was higher than expected. Well-defined associations in colonization between the bacteria were observed in children but not among mothers. In children, a synergistic association was observed between <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>influenzae<\/jats:italic> (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.75, 95% CI: 1.32-2.32) and a negative association between <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> (AOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.67) or <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.16-0.34) colonization. Additionally, all three bacteria had a higher likelihood of concurrent colonization. There was a strong association in colonization by the bacteria in children and their mothers, including increased likelihood of maternal colonization if the child was colonized by <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (AOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.28-2.63) and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>influenzae<\/jats:italic> (AOR: 6.34, 95% CI: 2.24-18.0).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The effects of immunization of children with pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine in settings such as ours needs monitoring with regard to potential changes of pharyngeal bacterial ecology which could occur in vaccinated and \u2013unvaccinated age-groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T15:03:09Z","timestamp":1382022189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Interrelationship of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus colonization within and between pneumococcal-vaccine na\u00efve mother-child dyads"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tinevimbo","family":"Shiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta C","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter V","family":"Adrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Van Niekerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith P","family":"Klugman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabir A","family":"Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2691_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-175","volume":"11","author":"BA Kwambana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwambana BA, Barer MR, Bottomley C, Adegbola RA, Antonio M: Early acquisition and high nasopharyngeal co-colonisation by Streptococcus pneumoniae and three respiratory pathogens amongst Gambian new-borns and infants. 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