{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T18:52:10Z","timestamp":1781290330334,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T16:02:00Z","timestamp":1393344120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The effect of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in northern Malawi: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lumbani","family":"Munthali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palwasha Y","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimrod J","family":"Mwaungulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femia","family":"Chilongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Floyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kayange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith R","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia C","family":"Crampin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3056_CR1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2012","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Tuberculosis Report 2012. 2012, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/gtbr12_main.pdf ,"},{"key":"3056_CR2","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control 2011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Tuberculosis Control 2011. 2011, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/2011\/en\/ ,"},{"issue":"4","key":"3056_CR3","first-page":"457","volume":"3","author":"KM De Cock","year":"1999","unstructured":"De Cock KM, Chaisson RE: Will DOTS do it? A reappraisal of tuberculosis control in countries with high rates of HIV infection. Int Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999, 3 (4): 457-465.","journal-title":"Int Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3056_CR4","first-page":"153","volume":"13","author":"AC Crampin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crampin AC, Glynn JR, Fine PE: What has Karonga taught us? Tuberculosis studied over three decades. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009, 13 (2): 153-164.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3056_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.57236","volume":"8","author":"AG Habib","year":"2009","unstructured":"Habib AG: A clinical and epidemiologic update on the interaction between tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in adults. Ann Afr Med. 2009, 8 (3): 147-155.","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3056_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00171509","volume":"36","author":"T Oni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oni T, Patel J, Gideon HP, Seldon R, Wood K, Hlombe Y, Wilkinson KA, Rangaka MX, Mendelson M, Wilkinson RJ: Enhanced diagnosis of HIV-1-associated tuberculosis by relating T-SPOT.TB and CD4 counts. Eur Respir J. 2010, 36 (3): 594-600. 10.1183\/09031936.00171509.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3056_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2007.9724818","volume":"4","author":"PRT Ntata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ntata PRT: Equity in access to ARV drugs in Malawi. J Soc Aspects HIV\/AIDS. 2007, 4 (1): 564-574. 10.1080\/17290376.2007.9724818.","journal-title":"J Soc Aspects HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"3056_CR8","volume-title":"Integrated HIV Program Report October - December 2012","author":"HIV Unit: Malawi Ministry of Health","year":"2013","unstructured":"HIV Unit: Malawi Ministry of Health: Integrated HIV Program Report October - December 2012. 2013, Lilongwe, M alawi, http:\/\/www.hivunitmohmw.org\/uploads\/Main\/Quarterly_HIV_Programme_Report_2012_Q4.pdf ,"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"3056_CR9","first-page":"S47","volume":"14","author":"E Girardi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Girardi E, Palmieri F, Angeletti C, Vanacore P, Matteelli A, Ippolito G: Impact of previous ART and of ART initiation on outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012, 14 (Suppl 3): S47-S56.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"3056_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000194808.20035.c1","volume":"19","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Badri M, Wood R: Tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving HAART: long term incidence and risk factors in a South African cohort. AIDS. 2005, 19 (18): 2109-2116. 10.1097\/01.aids.0000194808.20035.c1.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"3056_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1086\/498315","volume":"41","author":"E Girardi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Girardi E, Sabin CA, d\u2019Arminio Monforte A, Hogg B, Phillips AN, Gill MJ, Dabis F, Reiss P, Kirk O, Bernasconi E, Grabar S, Justice A, Staszewski S, Fatkenheuer G, Sterne GA: Incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 41 (12): 1772-1782.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3056_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007760","volume":"4","author":"A Ramsay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramsay A, Cuevas LE, Mundy CJ, Nathanson CM, Chirambo P, Dacombe R, Squire SB, Salaniponi FM, Munthali S: New policies, new technologies: modelling the potential for improved smear microscopy services in Malawi. PLoS One. 2009, 4 (11): e7760-10.1371\/journal.pone.0007760.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"3056_CR13","first-page":"613","volume":"13","author":"A Ramsay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramsay A, Bonnet M, Gagnidze L, Githui W, Varaine F, Guerin PJ: Sputum, sex and scanty smears: new case definition may reduce sex disparities in smear-positive tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009, 13 (5): 613-619.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3056_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01559.x","volume":"11","author":"K Siddiqi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqi K, Walley J, Khan MA, Shah K, Safdar N: Clinical guidelines to diagnose smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan, a country with low-HIV prevalence. Trop Med Int Health. 2006, 11 (3): 323-331. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01559.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3056_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01310-3","volume":"19","author":"MJ Doenhoff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doenhoff MJ: Granulomatous inflammation and the transmission of infection: schistosomiasis\u2013and TB too?. Immunol Today. 1998, 19 (10): 462-467.","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"3056_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822007000600004","volume":"40","author":"GF Garcia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garcia GF, Moura AS, Ferreira CS, Rocha MO: Clinical and radiographic features of HIV-related pulmonary tuberculosis according to the level of immunosuppression. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2007, 40 (6): 622-626.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"3056_CR17","volume-title":"2008 Malawi Population and Housing Census","author":"National Statistical Office","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Statistical Office: 2008 Malawi Population and Housing Census. 2009, Zomba, Malawi, http:\/\/www.nsomalawi.mw\/index.php\/2008-population-and-housing-census.html ,"},{"issue":"2","key":"3056_CR18","first-page":"194","volume":"8","author":"AC Crampin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crampin AC, Glynn JR, Floyd S, Malema SS, Mwinuka VK, Ngwira BM, Mwaungulu FD, Warndoff DK, Fine PE: Tuberculosis and gender: exploring the patterns in a case control study in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004, 8 (2): 194-203.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3056_CR19","first-page":"994","volume":"5","author":"AC Crampin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Crampin AC, Floyd S, Mwaungulu F, Black G, Ndhlovu R, Mwaiyeghele E, Glynn JR, Warndoff DK, Fine PE: Comparison of two versus three smears in identifying culture-positive tuberculosis patients in a rural African setting with high HIV prevalence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001, 5 (11): 994-999.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3056_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832f51cf","volume":"24","author":"AC Crampin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crampin AC, Mwaungulu JN, Mwaungulu FD, Mwafulirwa DT, Munthali K, Floyd S, Fine PE, Glynn JR: Recurrent TB: relapse or reinfection? The effect of HIV in a general population cohort in Malawi. AIDS. 2010, 24 (3): 417-426. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832f51cf.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"3056_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1311PP","volume":"177","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Wilkinson RJ, Lipman MCI, Wood R: Immune reconstitution and \u201cunmasking\u201d of tuberculosis during antiretroviral therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 177: 680-685. 10.1164\/rccm.200709-1311PP.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3056_CR22","first-page":"1295","volume":"14","author":"G Chamie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chamie G, Luetkemeyer A, Walusimbi-Nanteza M, Okwera A, Whalen CC, Mugerwa RD, Havlir DV, Charlebois ED: Significant variation in presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis across a high resolution of CD4 strata. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010, 14 (10): 1295-1302.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3056_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.061506","volume":"13","author":"S Akksilp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akksilp S, Karnkawinpong O, Wattanaamornkiat W, Viriyakitja D, Monkongdee P, Sitti W, Rienthong D, Siraprapasiri T, Wells CD, Tappero JW, Varma JK: Antiretroviral therapy during tuberculosis treatment and marked reduction in death rate of HIV-infected patients, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13 (7): 1001-1007. 10.3201\/eid1307.061506.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3056_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001029","volume":"8","author":"MF Franke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franke MF, Robins JM, Mugabo J, Kaigamba F, Cain LE, Fleming JG, Murray MB: Effectiveness of early antiretroviral therapy initiation to improve survival among HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2011, 8 (5): e1001029-10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001029.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3056_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00106308","volume":"32","author":"M Dembele","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dembele M, Saleri N, Migliori GB, Ouedraogo H, Carvalho AC, Ouedraogo M, Badoum G, Matteelli A: High incidence of sputum smear negative tuberculosis during HAART in Burkina Faso. Eur Respir J. 2008, 32 (6): 1668-1669. 10.1183\/09031936.00106308.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"3056_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1086\/652654","volume":"50","author":"TG Harris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harris TG, Li J, Hanna DB, Munsiff SS: Changing sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients, New York City, 1992\u20132005. Clin Infect Dis. 2010, 50 (11): 1524-1531. 10.1086\/652654.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3056_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(03)00056-4","volume":"58","author":"EB Rizzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rizzi EB, Schinina V, Palmieri F, Girardi E, Bibbolino C: Radiological patterns in HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis: comparison between HAART-treated and Non-HAART-treated patients. Clin Radiol. 2003, 58: 469-473. 10.1016\/S0009-9260(03)00056-4.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3056_CR28","first-page":"550","volume":"121","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kadhiravan T: HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology, diagnosis & management. Indian J Med Res. 2005, 121 (4): 550-567.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3056_CR29","first-page":"663","volume":"10","author":"F Mugusi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mugusi F, Villamor E, Urassa W, Saathoff E, Bosch RJ, Fawzi WW: HIV co-infection, CD4 cell counts and clinical correlates of bacillary density in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006, 10 (6): 663-669.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"3056_CR30","volume-title":"Guidelines for National Programmes and other Stakeholders","author":"WHO policy on collaborative TB\/HIV activities","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO policy on collaborative TB\/HIV activities: Guidelines for National Programmes and other Stakeholders. 2012, Geneva: World Health Organization"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T15:41:19Z","timestamp":1716565279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"article-number":"107"}}