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Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact test and stepwise multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a higher frequency of activating KIR genes (<jats:italic>KIR2DS1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>2DS2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>3DS1<\/jats:italic>) together with their HLA ligands in the tuberculoid (TT) group as compared to the lepromatous leprosy (LL) group.<jats:italic>KIR2DL2\/2DL2-C1<\/jats:italic>was more frequent in the patient, TT and LL groups than in the control group. Borderline patients presented a higher frequency of inhibitory pairs when compared to the control group, and a higher frequency of activating pairs as compared to the LL group. Multivariate analysis confirmed the associations and demonstrated that being a female is a protective factor against the development of the disease<jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>and the more severe clinical form.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study showed that activating and inhibitory KIR genes may influence the development of leprosy \u2013 in particular, activating genes may protect against the more aggressive form of the disease \u2013 thereby demonstrating the role of NK cells in the immunopathology of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T19:01:14Z","timestamp":1407870074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influence of KIR genes and their HLA ligands in the pathogenesis of leprosy in a hyperendemic population of Rondon\u00f3polis, Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luciana Ribeiro","family":"Jarduli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Vicentin","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Covolo","family":"de Souza-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine Valim Camarinha","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carla","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida Maria Foschiani","family":"Dias-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Medeiros","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo T\u00e1vora","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton Oz\u00f3rio","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos da Cunha Lopes","family":"Virmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeane Eliete Laguila","family":"Visentainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3739_CR1","first-page":"317","volume":"87","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global leprosy situation. 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