{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:51:13Z","timestamp":1780570273210,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,20]],"date-time":"2004-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1095638400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones have higher than usual MICs to these agents but are still considered \"susceptible\" by NCCLS criteria. Delayed treatment response to fluoroquinolones has been noted, especially in cases of enteric fever due to such strains. We reviewed the ciprofloxacin susceptibility and clinical outcome of our recent enteric fever cases.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> Serotype Typhi (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi) and Serotype Paratyphi (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi) blood culture isolates (1998\u20132002) were tested against nalidixic acid by disk diffusion (DD) and agar dilution (AD) and to ciprofloxacin by AD using NCCLS methods and interpretive criteria. Reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility was defined as a ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.125\u20131.0 mg\/L. The clinical records of patients treated with ciprofloxacin for isolates with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Seven of 21 (33%) <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi isolates had reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (MIC range 0.125\u20130.5 mg\/L). All 7 were nalidixic acid resistant by DD (no zone) and by AD (MIC 128- &gt;512 mg\/L). The other 14 isolates were nalidixic acid susceptible and fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MIC range 0.015\u20130.03 mg\/L).<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Five of the 7 cases were treated initially with oral ciprofloxacin. One patient remained febrile on IV ciprofloxacin until cefotaxime was added, with fever recurrence when cefotaxime was discontinued. Two continued on oral or IV ciprofloxacin alone but had prolonged fevers of 9\u201310 days duration, one was switched to IV beta-lactam therapy after remaining febrile for 3 days on oral\/IV ciprofloxacin and one was treated successfully with oral ciprofloxacin. Four of the 5 required hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Our cases provide further evidence that reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi is clinically significant. Laboratories should test extra-intestinal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. for reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,22]],"date-time":"2004-09-22T06:23:20Z","timestamp":1095834200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Suboptimal clinical response to ciprofloxacin in patients with enteric fever due to Salmonella spp. with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Slinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karam","family":"Ramotar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jessamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Guibord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldwin","family":"Toye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","volume":"347","author":"CM Parry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ: Typhoid Fever. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347: 1770-1782. 10.1056\/NEJMra020201.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"121_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1086\/375602","volume":"37","author":"JA Crump","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crump JA, Barrett TJ, Nelson JT, Angulo FJ: Reevaluating Fluoroquinolone Breakpoints for Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi and for Non-Typhi Salmonellae. Clin Infect Dis. 2003, 37: 75-81. 10.1086\/375602.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"121_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.11.3572-3577.1999","volume":"37","author":"A Hakanen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hakanen A, Kotilainen P, Jalava J, Siitonen A, Huovinen P: Detection of Decreased Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonellas and Validation of Nalidixic Acid Screening Test. J Clin Microbiol. 1999, 37: 3572-7.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"121_CR4","volume-title":"NCCLS document M100-S14. 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