{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:21:32Z","timestamp":1780964492110,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,20]],"date-time":"2005-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1119225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Effective neutralization in testing hand hygiene preparations is considered to be a crucial element to ensure validity of the test results, especially with the difficulty to neutralize chlorhexidine gluconate. Aim of the study was to measure the effect of chemical neutralization under practical test conditions according to EN 1500.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We have investigated two ethanol-based hand rubs (product A, based on 61% ethanol and 1% chlorhexidine gluconate; product B, based on 85% ethanol). The efficacy of products (application of 3 ml for 30 s) was compared to 2-propanol 60% (v\/v) (two 3 ml rubs of 30 s each) on hands artificially contaminated with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> using a cross-over design with 15 volunteers. Pre-values were obtained by rubbing fingertips for 1 minute in liquid broth. Post-values were determined by sampling immediately after disinfection in liquid broth with and without neutralizers (0.5% lecithin, 4% polysorbate 20).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The neutralizers were found to be effective and non-toxic. Without neutralization in the sampling fluid, the reference disinfection reduced the test bacteria by 3.7 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, product B by 3.3 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and product A by 4.8 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (P = 0.001; ANOVA). With neutralization the reference disinfection reduced the test bacteria by 3.5 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, product B by 3.3 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and product A by 2.7 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (P = 0.011; ANOVA). In comparison to the reference treatment Product B lead to a lower mean reduction than the reference disinfection but the difference was not significant (P &gt; 0.1; Wilcoxon-Wilcox test). Without neutralizing agents in the sampling fluid, product A yielded a significantly higher reduction of test bacteria (4.8; P = 0.02) as compared to the situation with neutralizing agents (2.7; P = 0.033).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The crucial step of neutralization lies in the sampling fluid itself in order to stop any residual bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity immediately after the application of the preparation, especially with chlorhexidine gluconate-containing preparations. This is particularly important at short application times such as the 30 s.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,21]],"date-time":"2005-06-21T13:30:13Z","timestamp":1119360613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Insufficient neutralization in testing a chlorhexidine-containing ethanol-based hand rub can result in a false positive efficacy assessment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Kampf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrine","family":"Hunte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"196_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"51","author":"JM Boyce","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boyce JM, Pittet D: Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA hand hygiene task force. MMWR - Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. 2002, 51: 1-45.","journal-title":"MMWR - Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004","volume":"17","author":"G Kampf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kampf G, Kramer A: Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2004, 17: 863-893. 10.1128\/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004.","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"196_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1281","volume":"52","author":"G Kampf","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kampf G, Rudolf M, Labadie JC, Barrett SP: Spectrum of antimicrobial activity and user acceptability of the hand disinfectant agent Sterillium Gel. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002, 52: 141-147. 10.1053\/jhin.2002.1281.","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"196_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08426-X","volume":"359","author":"A Kramer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D: Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels. The Lancet. 2002, 359: 1489-1490. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08426-X.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"196_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(03)00255-X","volume":"55","author":"G Kampf","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kampf G, Meyer B, Goroncy-Bermes P: Comparison of two test methods for the determination of sufficient antimicrobial efficacy of three different alcohol-based hand rubs for hygienic hand disinfection. 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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981, 19: 429-434.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"196_CR9","first-page":"457","volume":"200","author":"G Kampf","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kampf G, H\u00f6fer M, R\u00fcden H: Inaktivierung von Chlorhexidin bei der in vitro Desinfektionsmitteltestung. Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Hygiene und Umweltmedizin. 1998, 200: 457-464.","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Hygiene und Umweltmedizin"},{"key":"196_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.1998.0559","volume":"42","author":"G Kampf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kampf G, H\u00f6fer M, Wendt C: Efficacy of hand disinfectants against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in vitro. 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