{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:48:28Z","timestamp":1791053308625,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,12]],"date-time":"2005-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1123804800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> species are bacterial blood parasites of animals capable of causing disease in both animals and man. Cat-Scratch Disease (CSD) in humans is caused mainly by <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic> and is acquired from the cat, which serves as a reservoir for the bacteria. A second species, <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> is also implicated in the disease. Diagnosis of Bartonellosis by culture requires a week or more of incubation on enriched media containing blood, and recovery is often complicated by faster growing contaminating bacteria and fungi. PCR has been explored as an alternative to culture for both the detection and species identification of <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>, however sensitivity problems have been reported and false negative reactions due to blood inhibitors have not generally been addressed in test design.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A novel, nested-PCR was designed for the detection of <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> based on the strategy of targeting species-specific size differences in the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic regions. An Internal Amplification Control was used for detecting PCR inhibition. The nested-PCR was utilized in a study on 103 blood samples from pet and stray cats in Trinidad.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>None of the samples were positive by primary PCR, but the Nested-PCR detected <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> in 32\/103 (31%) cats where 16 were infected with only <jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic>, 13 with only <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> and 3 with both species. Of 22 stray cats housed at an animal shelter, 13 (59%) were positive for either or both species, supporting the reported increased incidence of <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> among feral cats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The usefulness of a single PCR for the detection of <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> in the blood of cats is questionable. A nested-PCR offers increased sensitivity over a primary PCR and should be evaluated with currently used methods for the routine detection and speciation of <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic>. In Trinidad, <jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> are the predominant species in cats and infection appears highest with stray cats, however <jats:italic>B. clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> may be present at levels similar to that of <jats:italic>B. henselae<\/jats:italic> in the pet population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,12]],"date-time":"2005-08-12T18:13:54Z","timestamp":1123870434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A nested-PCR with an Internal Amplification Control for the detection and differentiation of Bartonella henselae and B. clarridgeiae: An examination of cats in Trinidad"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Joanne N","family":"Rampersad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S","family":"Samlal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Deonanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Ramsubeik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Ammons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"211_CR1","unstructured":"List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature \u2013 Genus Bartonella. 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