{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:03:15Z","timestamp":1758704595852},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,16]],"date-time":"2005-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,16]],"date-time":"2005-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>intestinalis<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> are the two most important intestinal parasites infecting North Americans but there is a paucity of active population-based surveillance data from Canada. This study determined the incidence of and demographic risk factors for developing <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> sp. infections in a general Canadian population.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Population-based laboratory surveillance was conducted among all residents of the Calgary Health Region (CHR; population \u2245 1 million) during May 1, 1999 and April 30, 2002.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> sp. infection occurred at a rate of 19.6 per 100,000 populations per year. Although the yearly incidence was stable, a significant seasonal variation was observed with a peak in late summer to early fall. Males were at higher risk for development of this infection as compared to females (21.2 vs. 17.9 per 100,000\/yr; relative risk (RR) 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00\u20131.40, p = 0.047), and there was a significant decrease in risk associated with an increasing age. <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> sp. infection occurred at an overall rate of 6.0 per 100,000 populations per year although a large outbreak of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> sp. infections occurred in the second half of the summer of 2001. During August and September of 2001, the incidence of cryptosporidiosis was 55.1 per 100,000 per year as compared to 3.1 per 100,000 per year for the remainder of the surveillance period (p &lt; 0.0001). Cryptosporidiosis was largely a disease of children with an incidence of 17.8 per 100,000 per year occurring among those aged &lt; 20 years of age compared to 1.25 per 100,000 per year for adults \u2265 20 years of age (RR 14.19; 95% CI, 9.77\u201321.11; p &lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>This study provides important information on the occurrence and demographic risk groups for acquisition of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in a non-selected Canadian population.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-72","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,17]],"date-time":"2005-09-17T06:14:02Z","timestamp":1126937642000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Population-based laboratory surveillance for Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large Canadian health region"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kevin B","family":"Laupland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deirdre L","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"220_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"49","author":"BW Furness","year":"2000","unstructured":"Furness BW, Beach MJ, Roberts JM: Giardiasis surveillance \u2013 United States, 1992\u20131997. 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