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Increasing resistance of the disease to antibiotics is a severe problem in treatment regime and has led to intensification of the search for new drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are the most ubiquitous in nature as part of the innate immune system and host defense mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, we investigated a group of venoms (snakes, scorpions and honey bee venoms) for antimicrobial properties against two strains of Gram-negative bacteria <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> by using disc-diffusion assay for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> susceptibility testing. The antibacterial activities of the venoms were compared with that of the isolated L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>s) enzymes. MICs were determined using broth dilution method. Bacterial growth was assessed by measurement of optical density at the lowest dilutions (MIC 0.25 mg\/ml). The cell viability was measured using tetrazolium salts (XTT) based cytotoxic assay.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The studied venoms showed high antimicrobial activity. The venoms of <jats:italic>C. adamanteus, Daboia russelli russelli, A. halys, P. australis, B. candidus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. guttata<\/jats:italic> were equally as effective as Chloramphenicol and Ceftazidime (30 \u03bcg\/disc). Among those tested, phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> enzymes (crotoxin B and daboiatoxin) showed the most potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (TES) bacteria. Naturally occurring venom peptides and phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> proved to possess highly potent antimicrobial activity against <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. The XTT-assay results showed that the cell survival decreased with increasing concentrations (0.05\u201310 mg\/mL) of <jats:italic>Crotalus adamanteus<\/jats:italic> venom, with no effect on the cell viability evident at 0.5 mg\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This antibacterial profile of snake venoms reported herein will be useful in the search for potential antibacterial agents against drug resistant microorganisms like <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,20]],"date-time":"2006-06-20T07:19:13Z","timestamp":1150787953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["In vitro antimicrobial activity of natural toxins and animal venoms tested against Burkholderia pseudomallei"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Perumal Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Pachiappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Gopalakrishnakone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maung M","family":"Thwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap E","family":"Hian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent TK","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho","family":"Bow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph T","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"364_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.5.890","volume":"159","author":"W Chaowagul","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chaowagul W, White NJ, Dance DAB, Wattanagoon Y, Naigowit P, Davis TME, Looareesuwan S, Pitakwatchara N: Melioidosis: a major cause of community acquired septicemia in northeastern Thailand. 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