{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:21:30Z","timestamp":1787019690722,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153180800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals is a well-known problem, but studies investigating the importance of factors potentially related to the spread of resistant bacteria in outpatients are sparse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stool samples were obtained from 206 healthy couples in a community setting in Southern Germany in 2002\u20132003.\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      was cultured and minimal inhibition concentrations were tested. Prevalences of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics according to potential risk factors were ascertained.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prevalences of ampicillin resistance were 15.7% and 19.4% for women and men, respectively. About ten percent and 15% of all isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and doxycycline, respectively. A partner carrying resistance was the main risk factor for being colonized with resistant\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Odds ratios (95% CI) for ampicillin and cotrimoxazole resistance given carriage of resistant isolates by the partner were 6.9 (3.1\u201315.5) and 3.3 (1.5\u201318.0), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that conjugal transmission may be more important for the spread of antibiotic resistance in the community setting than commonly suspected risk factors such as previous antibiotic intake or hospital contacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T15:30:55Z","timestamp":1153236655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clustering of antibiotic resistance of E. coli in couples: suggestion for a major role of conjugal transmission"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Lietzau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Raum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"von Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Marre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1086\/344654","volume":"36","author":"DM Livermore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Livermore DM: Bacterial resistance: origins, epidemiology, and impact. Clin Infect Dis. 2003, 36 (Suppl 1): S11-23.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00394-1","volume":"21","author":"M Cizman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cizman M: The use and resistance to antibiotics in the community. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003, 21 (4): 297-307.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"383_CR3","unstructured":"German Institute for Standardization (DIN) Medical microbiology - Susceptibility testing of microbial pathogens to antimicrobial agents (Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie. E 58 940 Part 4 (Methoden zur Empfindlichkeitspr\u00fcfung von bakteriellen Krankheitserregern (au\u00dfer Mykobakterien) gegen Chemotherapeutika). Berlin , Beuth-Verlag"},{"issue":"5","key":"383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.861","volume":"13","author":"T Sturmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sturmer T, Erb A, Marre R, Brenner H: Prevalence and determinants of antibiotic resistance in faecal Escherichia coli among unselected patients attending general practitioners in Southwest Germany. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2004, 13 (5): 303-308.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/34.2.239","volume":"34","author":"N London","year":"1994","unstructured":"London N, Nijsten R, Mertens P, v d Bogaard A, Stobberingh E: Effect of antibiotic therapy on the antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in patients attending general practitioners. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994, 34 (2): 239-246.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2736","volume":"43","author":"J Garau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garau J, Xercavins M, Rodriguez-Carballeira M, Gomez-Vera JR, Coll I, Vidal D, Llovet T, Ruiz-Bremon A: Emergence and dissemination of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the community. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999, 43 (11): 2736-2741.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D622","volume":"38","author":"KM Killgore","year":"2004","unstructured":"Killgore KM, March KL, Guglielmo BJ: Risk factors for community-acquired ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Ann Pharmacother. 2004, 38 (7-8): 1148-1152.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01057.x","volume":"11","author":"JI Alos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alos JI, Serrano MG, Gomez-Garces JL, Perianes J: Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections in relation to demographic and clinical data. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005, 11 (3): 199-203.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510027219","volume":"37","author":"NF Andersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andersen NF, Moller J, Peterslund NA: Piperacillin-resistant Escherichia coli bacteraemia: relation to empiric therapy and clinical outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005, 37 (2): 90-95.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.suppl_1.41","volume":"46 Suppl A","author":"C Edlund","year":"2000","unstructured":"Edlund C, Nord CE: Effect on the human normal microflora of oral antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000, 46 Suppl A: 41-48.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2879-2886.2005","volume":"49","author":"PM Filius","year":"2005","unstructured":"Filius PM, Gyssens IC, Kershof IM, Roovers PJ, Ott A, Vulto AG, Verbrugh HA, Endtz HP: Colonization and resistance dynamics of gram-negative bacteria in patients during and after hospitalization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005, 49 (7): 2879-2886.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.3.567","volume":"49","author":"D Jonkers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jonkers D, Swennen J, London N, Driessen C, Stobberingh E: Influence of cefazolin prophylaxis and hospitalization on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the faecal flora. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002, 49 (3): 567-571.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548609032364","volume":"18","author":"J Rydberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rydberg J, Cederberg A: Intrafamilial spreading of Escherichia coli resistant to trimethoprim. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986, 18 (5): 457-460.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"383_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.2.326","volume":"166","author":"M Fornasini","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fornasini M, Reves RR, Murray BE, Morrow AL, Pickering LK: Trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli in households of children attending day care centers. J Infect Dis. 1992, 166 (2): 326-330.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T18:37:53Z","timestamp":1630435073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"119"}}