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Nevertheless, specific roles in disease progression or initiation are incompletely defined. Both pathogens infect established cell lines\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has detected\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA in various clinical specimens as well as in normal donor peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC). However,\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection of other blood cell types, quantification of\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected cells in peripheral blood and transmission of this infection\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      have not been examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cp<\/jats:italic>\n                      specific titers were assessed for sera from 459 normal human donor blood (NBD) samples. Isolated white blood cells (WBC) were assayed by\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture to evaluate infection transmission of blood cell borne chlamydiae. Smears of fresh blood samples (FB) were dual immunostained for microscopic identification of\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected cell types and aliquots also assessed using Flow Cytometry (FC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ELISA demonstrated that 219 (47.7%) of the NBD samples exhibit elevated anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Cp<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibody titers. Imunofluorescence microscopy of smears demonstrated 113 (24.6%) of samples contained intracellular\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and monoclonals to specific CD markers showed that\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection of neutrophil and eosinophil\/basophil cells as well as monocytes occurs.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture established WBCs of 114 (24.8%) of the NBD samples harbored infectious chlamydiae, clinically a potentially source of transmission, FC demonstrated both\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected and uninfected cells can be readily identified and quantified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NBD can harbor infected neutrophils, eosinophil\/basophils and monocytes. The chlamydiae are infectious\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and both total, and cell type specific\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage is quantifiable by FC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,17]],"date-time":"2006-02-17T02:45:25Z","timestamp":1140144325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of Chlamydia in the peripheral blood cells of normal donors using in vitroculture, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Frances","family":"Cirino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilmore C","family":"Webley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrie","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L","family":"Croteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Chester","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"287_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818203.ch6","volume-title":"Infection and disease epidemiology","author":"J Schachter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schachter J: Infection and disease epidemiology. 1999, Washington, DC: ASM Press"},{"key":"287_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.451","volume":"8","author":"CC Kuo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kuo CC, Jackson LA, Campbell LA, Grayston JT: Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). 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