{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:48:45Z","timestamp":1791071325336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]],"date-time":"2006-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137715200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Progressive cell-mediated immunodeficiency with decrease of CD4+ lymphocyte count to less than or equal to 200 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> is a major risk factor for colonization with <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species and development of candidiasis. Oropharyngeal candidiasis may occur in up to 90% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients during the course of the disease. This study is to determine the effect of prolonged highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on oropharyngeal colonization with <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species and oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A prospective, longitudinal follow-up study in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mean CD4+ count increased from 232.5 to 316 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and the proportion of patients whose CD4+ count less than 200 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> decreased from 50.0% to 28.9% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0003) in patients receiving HAART for at least 2 years. The prevalence of oral candidiasis decreased from 10.6% to 2.1% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004). The decrease in <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> colonization was less impressive, falling from 57.8% to 46.5 % (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.06). Of the 142 patients enrolled in at least two surveys, 48 (33.8%) remained colonized with <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and 42 (29.6%) remained negative. In the remaining 52 patients, 34 switched from culture positive to negative, and an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes was noted in 91.2% of them. Among the 18 patients who switched from culture negative to positive, 61.1% also demonstrated an increase in CD4+ lymphocyte count (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings indicate that HAART is highly effective in decreasing oral candidiasis in association with a rise in CD4+ lymphocyte counts, but only marginally effective in eliminating <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> from the oropharynx.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T13:04:29Z","timestamp":1138021469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Effect of prolonged HAART on oral colonization with Candidaand candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yun-Liang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Jung","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ching","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"272_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1086\/313765","volume":"30","author":"CJ Fichtenbaum","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fichtenbaum CJ, Koletar S, Yiannoutsos C, Holland F, Pottage J, Cohn SE, Walawander A, Frame P, Feinberg J, Saag M, Van der HC, Powderly WG: Refractory mucosal candidiasis in advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30: 749-756. 10.1086\/313765.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"272_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1086\/375746","volume":"188","author":"SE Ohmit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohmit SE, Sobel JD, Schuman P, Duerr A, Mayer K, Rompalo A, Klein RS: Longitudinal study of mucosal Candida species colonization and candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. J Infect Dis. 2003, 188: 118-127. 10.1086\/375746.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"272_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90191-R","volume":"73","author":"LP Samaranayake","year":"1992","unstructured":"Samaranayake LP: Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992, 73: 171-180. 10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90191-R.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"272_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199105000-00007","volume":"5","author":"DW Feigal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feigal DW, Katz MH, Greenspan D, Westenhouse J, Winkelstein WJ, Lang W, Samuel M, Buchbinder SP, Hessol NA, Lifson AR, .: The prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men: three San Francisco epidemiological cohorts. AIDS. 1991, 5: 519-525.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"272_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1600-1603.2005","volume":"43","author":"CC Hung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hung CC, Yang YL, Lauderdale TL, McDonald LC, Hsiao CF, Cheng HH, Ho YA, Lo HJ: Colonization of human immunodeficiency virus-infected outpatients in Taiwan with Candida species. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43: 1600-1603. 10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1600-1603.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"272_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13802-0","volume":"362","author":"A Mocroft","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d'Arminio MA, Knysz B, Dietrich M, Phillips AN, Lundgren JD: Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet. 2003, 362: 22-29. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13802-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"272_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301","volume":"338","author":"FJJ Palella","year":"1998","unstructured":"Palella FJJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 853-860. 10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"272_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1086\/313843","volume":"30 Suppl 1:S5-1","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, Frederick T, Bertolli J, Lindegren ML, Holmberg S, Jones JL: Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30 Suppl 1:S5-14.: S5-14. 10.1086\/313843.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"272_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203322025786","volume":"14","author":"LC McDonald","year":"2003","unstructured":"McDonald LC, Lauderdale TL, Lo HJ, Tsai JJ, Hung CC: Colonization of HIV-infected outpatients in Taiwan with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Int J STD AIDS. 2003, 14: 473-477. 10.1258\/095646203322025786.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:28:40Z","timestamp":1630448920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"8"}}