{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:36:50Z","timestamp":1760297810876},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,30]],"date-time":"2007-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180483200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is growing evidence that <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, as several studies have demonstrated the presence of the organism in atherosclerotic lesions. <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infections, which are especially persistent infections, have been difficult to diagnose either by serological methods or isolation of the organism from the tissue. Nucleic Acid Amplification tests (NAATs) has emerged as an important method for detecting <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Inspite of high prevalence of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> specific antibodies in coronary heart disease patients, direct detection of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in circulating blood of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients by sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests nested PCR (nPCR), multiplex PCR (mPCR) has not been carried out is required. Further correlation of the presence of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in blood of CAD patients with <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> specific IgA and IgG antibodies, which may indicative of the status of infection with the progression of atherosclerosis. This will help in order to prepare strategies for the antibiotic intervention to avoid the progression towards CAD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Venous blood was obtained from 91 CAD patients and 46 healthy controls. Nucleic acid amplification tests <jats:italic>viz<\/jats:italic>. nested -, semi-nested \u2013 and multiplex PCR were used for detection of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. ELISA carried out prevalence of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> specific IgG and IgA antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>29.67% (27\/91) patients were positive for <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> using nested PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of semi-nested and multiplex PCR were 37.03%, 96.96% and 22.22%, 100% with respect to nested PCR. Positive nPCR patients were compared with presence of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> specific IgA, IgA+IgG and IgG antibodies. Among 27 (29.67%) nPCR <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> positive CAD patients, 11(12%) were IgA positive, 13(14.2%) were IgA+IgG positive and only1 (1.1%) was IgG positive. A significant presence of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was detected in heavy smokers, non-alcoholics and with family histories of diabetes and blood pressure group of CAD patients by nPCR.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results indicate synergistic association of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection and development of CAD with other risk factors. We also detected increased positivity for <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> IgA than IgG in nPCR positive CAD patients. Positive nPCR findings in conjunction with persisting high <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> specific antibody strongly suggest an ongoing infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,30]],"date-time":"2007-05-30T18:19:45Z","timestamp":1180549185000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Higher incidence of persistent chronic infection of Chlamydia pneumoniae among coronary artery disease patients in India is a cause of concern"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hem C","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harsh","family":"Vardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rishein","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jagdish","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aruna","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"491_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4065\/78.3.321","volume":"78","author":"PH John","year":"2003","unstructured":"John PH: Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease: The antibiotic trials. 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