{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:57:44Z","timestamp":1767837464479,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]],"date-time":"2007-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. are major cause of diarrhoeal disease in both developing and developed countries. <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic> is the serogroup of <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> most frequently responsible for sporadic and epidemic enteritis in developed countries. In recent years the emergence and spread of <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> biotype g carrying class 2 integron have been frequently reported in many countries. Recently, <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> has been reported as the prevalent serogroup of <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>The present study was carried out to investigate phenotypic and genetic characteristics of <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic> isolates identified in the years 2002 and 2003 in Tehran, Iran.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Biotyping, drug susceptibility testing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and analysis of class 2 integrons have been carried out on 60 <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> isolates, including 57 sporadic isolates from paediatric cases of shigellosis occurring in 2002 and 2003, two sporadic isolates recovered in 1984 and the ATCC 9290 strain.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Biotype g and resistance to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and tetracycline were exhibited by 54 of the 57 recent isolates. Of the 54 biotype g isolates, 28 exhibited a class 2 integron of 2161 bp, and 24 a class 2 integron of 1371 bp, respectively. Class 2 integrons were not detected in four isolates only, including the two endemic isolates recovered in 1984 and two strains from recent sporadic cases. PFGE divided the strains into eight pulsotypes labeled A to H, three major pulsotypes \u2013 A to C \u2013 including the large majority of the recent sporadic <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> isolates. Pulsotypes A and C were the most prevalent groups, accounting for 41.6% and 35.0%, respectively, of the isolates under study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results suggest that biotype g, class 2 integron carrying <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> are prevalent in our geographic area. <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> isolated in the years 2002 and 2003 could be attributed to a few predominant clusters including, respectively, strains with pulsotypes B and C carrying a 2161 bp class 2 integron, and those having pulsotype A and a 1371 bp class 2 integron. A few epidemic clones are responsible for the apparently endemic occurrence of shigellosis in Tehran, Iran.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]],"date-time":"2007-06-22T20:00:10Z","timestamp":1182542410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Genetic relatedness among isolates of Shigella sonnei carrying class 2 integrons in Tehran, Iran, 2002\u20132003"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Aleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni M","family":"Giammanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Dionisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nourkhoda","family":"Sadeghifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Mammina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"505_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.Supplement_4.S245","volume":"13","author":"ML Bennish","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bennish ML, Wojtyniak BJ: Mortality due to shigellosis: community and hospital data. Rev Infect Dis. 1991, 13 (Suppl 4): S245-S251.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"505_CR2","first-page":"651","volume":"77","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ, Adak GK, Levine MM: Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull WHO. 1999, 77: 651-666.","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"505_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46725-0","volume":"55","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahmed AM, Furuta K, Shimomura K, Kasama Y, Shimamoto T: Genetic characterization of multidrug resistance in Shigella spp. from Japan. J Med Microbiol. 2006, 55: 1685-1691. 10.1099\/jmm.0.46725-0.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.421-423.2003","volume":"41","author":"JY Oh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oh JY, Yu HS, Kim SK, Seol SY, Cho DT, Lee JC: Changes in patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility and integron carriage among Shigella sonnei isolates from southwestern Korea during epidemic periods. J Clin Microbiol. 2003, 41: 421-423. 10.1128\/JCM.41.1.421-423.2003.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01435034","volume":"90","author":"RM Hall","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hall RM, Stokes HW: Integrons: novel DNA elements which capture genes by site-specific recombination. Genetica. 1993, 90: 115-132. 10.1007\/BF01435034.","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"505_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki012","volume":"55","author":"G Peirano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peirano G, Agers\u00c3 Y, Aarestrup FM, dos Prazeres Rodrigues D: Occurrence of integrons and resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant Shigella spp. from Brazil. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 55: 301-305. 10.1093\/jac\/dki012.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"505_CR7","first-page":"60","volume":"53","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2004","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Day-care related outbreaks of rhamnose-negative Shigella sonnei \u2013 six states, June 2001-March 2003. MMWR. 2004, 53: 60-63.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"505_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1919-1924.2003","volume":"41","author":"N DeLappe","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeLappe N, O'Halloran F, Fanning S, Corbett-Feeney G, Cheasty T, Cormican M: Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Shigella sonnei isolates from western Ireland, an area of low incidence of infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2003, 41: 1919-1924. 10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1919-1924.2003.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02581.x","volume":"99","author":"CH Hoe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoe CH, Yasin RM, Koh YT, Thong KL: Antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Shigella sonnei strains in Malaysia (1997\u20132000). J Appl Microbiol. 2005, 99: 133-140. 10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02581.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2467-2470.2005","volume":"43","author":"C Mammina","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mammina C, Pontello M, Dal Vecchio A, Nastasi A, Shigella sonnei Working Group: Identification of Shigella sonnei biotype g isolates carrying class 2 integrons in Italy (2001 to 2003). J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43: 2467-2470. 10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2467-2470.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1538-1540.2002","volume":"40","author":"CJ McIver","year":"2002","unstructured":"McIver CJ, White PA, Jones LA, Karagiannis T, Harkness J, Marriott D, Rawlinson WD: Epidemic strains of Shigella sonnei biotype g carrying integrons. J Clin Microbiol. 2002, 40: 1538-1540. 10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1538-1540.2002.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03486.x","volume":"48","author":"J Terajima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Terajima J, Tamura K, Hirose K, Izumiya H, Miyahara M, Konuma H, Watanabe H: A multi-prefectural outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating oysters in Japan. Microbiol Immunol. 2004, 48: 49-52.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"505_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00363-1","volume":"21","author":"ZA Memish","year":"2003","unstructured":"Memish ZA, Venkatesh S, Shibl AM: Impact of travel on international spread of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003, 21: 135-142. 10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00363-1.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"505_CR14","first-page":"96","volume":"21","author":"K MoezArdalan","year":"2003","unstructured":"MoezArdalan K, Zali MR, Soltan- Dallal MM, Hemami MR, Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi S: Prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in Karaj, Tehran, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr. 2003, 21: 96-102.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"505_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1988.11812280","volume":"82","author":"J Nikkah","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nikkah J, Mehr-Movahead A: Antibiotic resistance among Shigella species isolated in Tehran, Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1988, 82: 481-483.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"505_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199203000-00009","volume":"11","author":"AF Kagalwalla","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kagalwalla AF, Khan SN, Kagalwalla YA, Alola S, Yaish HV: Childhood shigellosis in Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992, 11: 215-219.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"505_CR17","first-page":"184","volume":"55","author":"A Zafar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zafar A, Sabir N, Bhutta ZA: Frequency of isolation of Shigella serogroups\/serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in children from slum areas in Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2005, 55: 184-188.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"505_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/40.6.355","volume":"40","author":"MO Rawashdeh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rawashdeh MO, Ababneh AM, Shurman AA: Shigellosis in Jordanian children: A clinico-epidemiological prospective study and susceptibility to antibiotics. J Trop Pediatr. 1994, 40: 355-359.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"505_CR19","first-page":"32","volume":"33","author":"R Ranjbar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ranjbar R, Soltan Dallal MM, Pourshafie MR, Aslani MM, Majdzadeh R, Khorramizadeh MR: Serogroup distribution of Shigella spp. in Tehran. Iranian J Publ Health. 2004, 33: 32-35.","journal-title":"Iranian J Publ Health"},{"key":"505_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00310-06","volume":"44","author":"S Farshad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farshad S, Sheikhi R, Japoni A, Basiri E, Alborzi A: Characterization of Shigella Strains in Iran by Plasmid Profile Analysis and PCR Amplification of ipa Genes. J Clin Microbiol. 2006, 44: 2879-2883. 10.1128\/JCM.00310-06.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050640","volume":"110","author":"A Nastasi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nastasi A, Pignato S, Mammina C, Giammanco G: rRNA gene restriction patterns and biotypes of Shigella sonnei. Epidemiol Infect. 1993, 110: 23-30.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"505_CR22","first-page":"M100","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In Twelfth information supplement","author":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards","year":"2002","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In Twelfth information supplement. 2002, Philadelphia: NCCLS, M100-S12."},{"key":"505_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59","volume":"3","author":"EM Ribot","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ribot EM, Fair MA, Gautom R, Cameron DN, Hunter SB, Swaminathan B, Barrett TJ: Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006, 3: 59-67. 10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"505_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.9.2233-2239.1995","volume":"33","author":"FC Tenover","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, Swaminathan B: Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol. 1995, 33: 2233-2239.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.14.6874","volume":"90","author":"SL Liu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Liu SL, Hessel A, Sanderson KE: Genomic mapping with I-Ceu I, an intron-encoded endonuclease specific for genes for ribosomal RNA, in Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and other bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 6874-6878. 10.1073\/pnas.90.14.6874.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"505_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(75)80083-0","volume":"98","author":"EM Southern","year":"1975","unstructured":"Southern EM: Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by electrophoresis. Mol Biol. 1975, 98: 503-517. 10.1016\/S0022-2836(75)80083-0.","journal-title":"Mol Biol"},{"key":"505_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl228","volume":"58","author":"JC Pan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pan JC, Ye R, Meng DM, Zhang W, Wang HQ, Liu KZ: Molecular characteristics of class 1 and class 2 integrons and their relationships to antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006, 58: 288-96. 10.1093\/jac\/dkl228.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"505_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.04.001","volume":"24","author":"JA Dromigny","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dromigny JA, Macondo EA, Juergens-Behr A, Siby T, Perrier-Gros-Claude JD: The distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Shigella isolates in Dakar, Senegal (2000\u20132002). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004, 24: 307-308. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.04.001.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"505_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.851","volume":"72","author":"N Fulla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fulla N, Prado V, Duran C, Lagos R, Levine MM: Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance profiles among Shigella species isolated from a semirural community in the northern administrative area of Santiago, Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 72: 851-854.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"505_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.256","volume":"39","author":"AA Lima","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lima AA, Lima NL, Pinho MC, Barros Junior EA, Teixeira MJ, Martins MC, Guerrant RL: High frequency of strains multiply resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline isolated from patients with shigellosis in northeastern Brazil during the period 1988 to 1993. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995, 39: 256-259.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"505_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00234.x","volume":"106","author":"S Maraki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maraki S, Georgiladakis A, Christidou A, Scoulica E, Tselentis Y: Antimicrobial susceptibilities and b-lactamase production of Shigella isolates in Crete, Greece, during the period 1991\u20131995. APMIS. 1998, 106: 879-883.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"505_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.10.016","volume":"27","author":"A Gassama-Sow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gassama-Sow A, Diallo MH, Boye CS, Garin B, Sire JM, Sow AI, Aidara-Kane A: Class 2 integron-associated antibiotic resistance in Shigella sonnei isolates in Dakar, Senegal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006, 27: 267-270. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.10.016.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"505_CR33","first-page":"285","volume":"48","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1999","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley \u2013 United States and Canada, July-August 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999, 48: 285-289.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"505_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.609-614.1995","volume":"33","author":"G Kapperud","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kapperud G, Rorvik LM, Hasseltvedt V, H\u00f8iby EA, Iversen BG, Staveland K, Johnsen G, Leitao J, Herikstad H, Andersson Y: Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce. J Clin Microbiol. 1995, 33: 609-614.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"505_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400039280","volume":"60","author":"M Nakamura","year":"1962","unstructured":"Nakamura M: The survival of Shigella sonnei on cotton, glass, wood, paper, and metal at various temperatures. J Hyg. 1962, 60: 35-39.","journal-title":"J Hyg"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T12:29:12Z","timestamp":1630499352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-62","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2007","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2007","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"62"}}