{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T14:18:38Z","timestamp":1774793918944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]],"date-time":"2008-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199232000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant public health problem that may lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Approximately 30% of the world's population has been infected with HBV and approximately 350 million (5\u20136%) are persistent carriers. More than 120 million Chinese are infected with HBV. The role of host genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors leading to chronic HBV infection and its complications are not well understood. We believe that a better understanding of these factors and interactions will lead to more effective diagnostic and therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods\/Design<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This is a population-based, case-control study protocol to enroll 2200 Han Chinese from medical centers in northern and western China. Adult subjects in the following groups are being enrolled: healthy donors (n = 200), HBV infected persons achieving virus clearance (n = 400), asymptomatic HBV persistent carriers (n = 400), chronic hepatitis B cases (n = 400), decompensated liver cirrhosis with HBV infection cases (n = 400), and hepatocellular carcinoma with HBV infection cases (n = 400). In addition, for haplotype inference and quality control of sample handling and genotyping results, children of 1000 cases will be asked to provide a buccal sample for DNA extraction. With the exception of adult patients presenting with liver cirrhosis or HCC, all other cases and controls will be 40 years or older at enrollment. A questionnaire is being administered to capture dietary and environmental risk factors. Both candidate-gene and genome-wide association approaches will be used to assess the role of single genetic factors and higher order interactions with other genetic or environmental factors in HBV diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study is designed and powered to detect single gene effects as well as gene-gene and environmental-gene interactions. The identification of allelic polymorphisms in genes involved in the pathway leading to chronic viral infection, liver cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma would provide insights to those factors leading to HBV replication, liver inflammation, fibrosis, and the carcinogenic process. An understanding of the contribution of host genetic factors and their interactions may inform public health policy, improve diagnostics and clinical management, and provide targets for drug development.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]],"date-time":"2008-01-02T19:13:33Z","timestamp":1199301213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A population-based study to investigate host genetic factors associated with hepatitis B infection and pathogenesis in the Chinese population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the HBV study consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"592_CR1","unstructured":"Atkinson W, Wolfe C, Humiston S, Nelson R, (Eds): Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 2000, Atlanta, GA: Public Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, sixth"},{"key":"592_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Hepatitis B. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/hepatitis\/whocdscsrlyo20022\/en\/]"},{"key":"592_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23045","volume":"33","author":"C Boni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boni C, Penna A, Ogg GS, Bertoletti A, Pilli M, Cavallo C, Cavalli A, Urbani S, Boehme R, Panebianco R, Fiaccadori F, Ferrari C: Lamivudine treatment can overcome cytotoxic T-cell hyporesponsiveness in chronic hepatitis B: new perspectives for immune therapy. Hepatology. 2001, 33: 963-971. 10.1053\/jhep.2001.23045.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10557","volume":"94","author":"K Ohkubo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ohkubo K, Kato Y, Ichikawa T, Kajiya Y, Takeda Y, Higashi S, Hamasaki K, Nakao K, Nakata K, Eguchi K: Viral load is a significant prognostic factor for hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 94: 2663-2668. 10.1002\/cncr.10557.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"592_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji043","volume":"97","author":"MW Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu MW, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Liaw YF, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Shih WL, Kao JH, Chen DS, Chen CJ: Hepatitis B virus genotype and DNA level and hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005, 97: 265-272.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"592_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033364","volume":"351","author":"YF Liaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liaw YF, Sung JJY, Chow WC, Geoffrey F, Lee CZ, Yuen H, Tanwandee T, Tao QM, Shue K, Keene ON, Dixon JS, Gray DF, Sabbat J: Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351: 1521-1531. 10.1056\/NEJMoa033364.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"592_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290312","volume":"29","author":"SM Lin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin SM, Sheen IS, Chien RN, Chu CM, Liaw YF: Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 1999, 29: 971-975. 10.1002\/hep.510290312.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20128","volume":"39","author":"M Van Zonneveld","year":"2004","unstructured":"Van Zonneveld M, Honkoop P, Hansen BE, Niesters HGM, Murad SD, de Man RA, Schalm SW, Janssen HLA: Long-term follow-up of alpha-interferon treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2004, 39: 804-810. 10.1002\/hep.20128.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00174.x","volume":"6","author":"C Mayerat","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mayerat C, Mantegani A, Frei PC: Does hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype influence the clinical outcome of HBV infection?. J Viral Hepat. 1999, 6: 299-304. 10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00174.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"592_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70261-7","volume":"118","author":"JH Kao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS: Hepatitis B genotypes and correlated with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2000, 118: 554-559. 10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70261-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"592_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000050029","volume":"44","author":"X Ding","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ding X, Mizokami M, Yao G, Xu B, Orito E, Ueda R, Nakanishi M: Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in Shanghai, China. Intervirology. 2001, 44: 43-47. 10.1159\/000050029.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"592_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.20532","volume":"33","author":"E Orito","year":"2001","unstructured":"Orito E, Mizokami M, Sakugawa H, Michitaka K, Ishikawa K, Ichida T, Okanoue T, Yotsuyanagi H, Iino S: A case-control study for clinical and molecular biological differences between hepatitis B viruses of genotypes B and C. Japan HBV Genotype Research Group. Hepatology. 2001, 33: 218-223. 10.1053\/jhep.2001.20532.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91874-A","volume":"336","author":"WF Carman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Carman WF, Zanetti AR, Karayiannis P, Waters J, Manzillo G, Tanzi E, Zuckerman AJ, Thomas HC: Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet. 1990, 336: 325-329. 10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91874-A.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"592_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00024.x","volume":"2","author":"CR Howard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Howard CR: The structure of hepatitis B envelope and molecular variants of hepatitis B virus. J Viral Hepat. 1995, 2: 165-170. 10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00024.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"592_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106133242405","volume":"324","author":"TJ Liang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Liang TJ, Hasegawa K, Rimon N, Wands J, Ben-Porath E: A hepatitis B virus mutant associated with an epidemic of fulminant hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1991, 324: 1705-1709.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"592_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-4-199502150-00001","volume":"122","author":"S Sato","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sato S, Suzuki K, Akahane Y, Akamatsu K, Akiyama K, Yunomura K, Tsuda F, Tanaka T, Okamoto H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumin M: Hepatitis B virus strains with mutations in the core promoter in patients with fulminant hepatitis. Ann Intern Med. 1995, 122: 241-248.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"592_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890470304","volume":"47","author":"M Kaneko","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaneko M, Uchida T, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y, Shikata T, Gotoh K, Mima S: Probable implication of mutations of the X open reading frame in the onset of fulminant hepatitis B. J Med Virol. 1995, 47: 204-208. 10.1002\/jmv.1890470304.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"592_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0655","volume":"226","author":"K Moriyama","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moriyama K, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Mayumi M: Reduced precore transcription and enhanced core-pregenome transcription of hepatitis B virus DNA after replacement of the precore-core promoter with sequences associated with e antigen-seronegative persistent infections. Virology. 1996, 226: 269-280. 10.1006\/viro.1996.0655.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"592_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.9.5845-5851.1996","volume":"70","author":"V Buckwold","year":"1996","unstructured":"Buckwold V, Xu Z, Chen M, Yen T, Ou J: Effects of a naturally occurring mutation in the hepatitis B virus basal core promoter on precore gene expression and viral replication. J Virol. 1996, 70: 5845-5851.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"592_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230125","volume":"23","author":"T Baumert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumert T, Liang T: Precore mutants revised. Hepatology. 1996, 23: 184-186. 10.1002\/hep.510230125.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00177.x","volume":"4 Suppl 2","author":"DR Milich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Milich DR: Pathobiology of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: an introduction. J Viral Hepat. 1997, 4 Suppl 2 (): 25-30.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"592_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117006","volume":"93","author":"TJ Liang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Liang TJ, Hasegawa K, SJ SJM, Shapiro CN, Yoffe B, McMahon BJ, Feng C, Bei H, Alter MJ, Dienstag JL: Hepatitis B virus precore mutation and fulminant hepatitis in the United States. J Clin Invest. 1994, 93: 550-555.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"592_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90964-E","volume":"105","author":"T Laskus","year":"1993","unstructured":"Laskus T, Persing DH, Nowicki MJ, Mosley MJ, Rakela J: Nucleotide sequence analysis of the precore region in patients with fulminant hepatitis B in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1993, 105: 1173-1178.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"592_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<672::AID-CNCR2820490415>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"49","author":"K Ohnishi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ohnishi K, Iida S, Iwama S, Goto N, Nomura F, Takashi M, Mishima A, Kono K, Kimura K, Musha H, Kotota K, Okuda K: The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: relation to hepatitis B surface antigen carriage. Cancer. 1982, 49: 672-677. 10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<672::AID-CNCR2820490415>3.0.CO;2-#.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"592_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290308","volume":"29","author":"TR Frieden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frieden TR, Ozick L, McCord C, Nainan OV, Workman S, Comer G, Lee TP, Byun KS, Patel D, Henning KJ: Chronic liver disease in central Harlem: the role of alcohol and viral hepatitis. Hepatology. 1999, 29: 883-888. 10.1002\/hep.510290308.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1995.tb00671.x","volume":"15","author":"S Arico","year":"1995","unstructured":"Arico S, Galatola G, Tabone M, Corrao G, Torchio P, Valenti M, De la Pierre M: The measure of life-time alcohol consumption in patients with cirrhosis: reproducibility and clinical relevance. Liver. 1995, 15: 202-208.","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"592_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300204","volume":"30","author":"Z Sun","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sun Z, Lu P, Gail MH, Pee D, Zhang Q, Ming L, Wang J, Wu Y, Liu G, Wu Y, Zhu Y: Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in male hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with chronic hepatitis who have detectable urinary aflatoxin metabolite M1. Hepatology. 1999, 30: 379-383. 10.1002\/hep.510300204.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR28","first-page":"2506","volume":"49","author":"FS Yeh","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yeh FS, Yu MC, Mo CC, Luo S, Tong MJ, Henderson BE: Hepatitis B virus, aflatoxins, and hepatocellular carcinoma in southern Guangxi, China. Cancer Res. 1989, 49: 2506-2509.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"592_CR29","first-page":"143","volume":"10","author":"JS Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang JS, Huang T, Su J, Liang F, Wei Z, Liang Y, Luo H, Kuang SY, Qian GS, Sun G, He X, Kensler TW, Groopman JD: Hepatocellular carcinoma and aflatoxin exposure in Zhuqing Village, Fusui County, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10: 143-146.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"592_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91528-G","volume":"339","author":"RK Ross","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ross RK, Yuan JM, Yu MC, Wogan GN, Qian GS, Tu JT, Groopman JD, Gao YT, Henderson BE: Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 1992, 339: 943-946. 10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91528-G.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"592_CR31","first-page":"3","volume":"3","author":"GS Qian","year":"1994","unstructured":"Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, Yuan JM, Gao YT, Henderson BE, Wogan GN, Groopman JD: A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994, 3: 3-10.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"592_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/350427a0","volume":"350","author":"IC Hsu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hsu IC, Metcalf RA, Sun T, Welsh JA, Wang NJ, Harris CC: Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature. 1991, 350: 427-428. 10.1038\/350427a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"592_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.258","volume":"67","author":"P Coursaget","year":"1993","unstructured":"Coursaget P, Depril N, Chabaud M, Nandi R, Mayelo V, LeCann P, Yvonnet B: High prevalence of mutations at codon 249 of the p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinomas from Senegal. Br J Cancer. 1993, 67: 1395-1397.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"592_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504203321604","volume":"332","author":"MR Thursz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thursz MR, Kwiatkowski D, Allsopp CEM, Greenwood BM, Thomas HC, Hill AVS: Association between an MHC class II allele and clearance of hepatitis B virus in the Gambia. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332: 1065-1069. 10.1056\/NEJM199504203321604.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"592_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80414-X","volume":"26","author":"T Hohler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hohler T, Gerken G, Notghi A, Lubjuhn R, Taheri H, Protzer U, Lohr HF, Schneider PM, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Rittner C: HLA-DRB1*1301 and *1302 protect against chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 1997, 26: 503-507. 10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80414-X.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"592_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1086\/314684","volume":"179","author":"CL Thio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thio CL, Carrington M, O'Brien SJ, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Astemborski JA, Thomas DL: The association of HLA alleles and clearance of hepatitis B among African Americans. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 1004-1006. 10.1086\/314684.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"592_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90510-X","volume":"344","author":"A Almarri","year":"1994","unstructured":"Almarri A, Batchelor JR: HLA and hepatitis B infection. Lancet. 1994, 344: 1194-1195. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90510-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"592_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12083","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.22.12083-12087.2003","volume":"77","author":"CL Thio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thio CL, Thomas DL, Karacki P, Gao X, Marti D, Kaslow RA, Goedert JJ, Hilgartner M, Strathdee SA, Duggal P, O'Brien SJ, Astemborski J, Carrington M: Comprehensive analysis of class I and class II HLA antigens and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Virol. 2003, 77: 12083-12087. 10.1128\/JVI.77.22.12083-12087.2003.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"592_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00534.x","volume":"111","author":"T Hohler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hohler T, Kruger A, Gerken G, Schneider PM, Meyer zBK, Rittner C: A tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphism is associated with chronic hepatitis B infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998, 111: 579-582. 10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00534.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"592_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2003.27","volume":"35","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Lee HS, Im JP, Min BH, Kim HD, Jeong JB, Yoon JH, Kim CY, Kim MS, Kim JY, Jung JH, Kim LH, Park BL, Shin HD: Association of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene polymorphisms with a hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Exp Mol Med. 2003, 35: 196-202.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"592_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.026","volume":"42","author":"K Migita","year":"2005","unstructured":"Migita K, Miyazoe S, Maeda Y, Daikoku M, Abiru S, Ueki T, Yano K, nagaoka S, Matsumoto T, Nakao K, hamasaki K, Yatsuhashi H, Ishibashi H, Eguchi K: Cytokine gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with hepatitis B virus infection-association with between TGF-\u03b21 polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2005, 42: 505-510. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.026.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"592_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg104","volume":"12","author":"HD Shin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shin HD, Park BL, Kim LH, Jung JH, Kim JY, Yoon JH, Kim YJ, Lee HS: Interleukin 10 haplotype associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet. 2003, 12: 901-906. 10.1093\/hmg\/ddg104.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"592_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2006.00536.x","volume":"67","author":"LH Tsang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsang LH, Lin MT, Shau WY, Lin WC, Chang FY, Chien KL, Hansen JA, Chen DS, Chen PJ: Correlation of interleukin 10 gene haplotype with hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Tissue Antigen. 2006, 67: 127-133. 10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2006.00536.x.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigen"},{"key":"592_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05409-8","volume":"348","author":"HC Thomas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thomas HC, Foster GR, Sumiya M, McIntosh D, Jack DL, Turner MW, Summerfield JA: Mutation of gene of mannose-binding protein associated with chronic hepatitis B viral infection. Lancet. 1996, 348: 1417-1419. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05409-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"592_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290417","volume":"29","author":"MF Yuen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yuen MF, Lau CS, Lau YL, Wong WM, Cheng CC, Lai CL: Mannose binding lectin gene mutations are associated with progression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology. 1999, 29: 1248-1251. 10.1002\/hep.510290417.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000019064","volume":"15","author":"T Hohler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hohler T, Wunschel M, Gerken G, Schneider PM, Meyer zBK, Rittner C: No association between mannose-binding lectin alleles and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection in German patients. Exp Clin Immunogenet. 1998, 15: 130-133. 10.1159\/000019064.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Immunogenet"},{"issue":"1","key":"592_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.1.13","volume":"91","author":"R Bellamy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bellamy R, Ruwende C, McAdam KP, Thursz M, Sumiya M, Summerfield J, Gilbert SC, Corrah T, Kwiatkowski D, Whittle HC, Hill AV: Mannose binding protein deficiency is not associated with malaria, hepatitis B carriage nor tuberculosis in Africans. QJM. 1998, 91 (1): 13-18. 10.1093\/qjmed\/91.1.13.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"592_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1086\/314614","volume":"179","author":"R Bellamy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Thursz M, Whittle HC, Hill AV: Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Africans and variation in the vitamin D receptor gene. J Infec Dis. 1999, 179: 721-724. 10.1086\/314614.","journal-title":"J Infec Dis"},{"key":"592_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.24.2023","volume":"92","author":"MW Yu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yu MW, Cheng SW, Lin MW, Yang SY, Liaw YF, Chang HC, Hsiao TJ, Lin SM, Lee SD, Chen PJ, Liu CJ, Chen CJ: Androgen-receptor gene CAG repeats, plasma testosterone levels, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000, 92: 2023-2028. 10.1093\/jnci\/92.24.2023.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"592_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.21.1644","volume":"93","author":"MW Yu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yu MW, Yang YC, Yang SY, Cheng SW, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Chen CJ: Hormonal markers and hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a nested case-control study among men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001, 93: 1644-1651.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"592_CR51","first-page":"324","volume":"6","author":"Chinese Medical Association of Infectious Diseases and Parasites","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chinese Medical Association of Infectious Diseases and Parasites, Chinese Medical Association of Hepatology: Protocol of prevention and treatment in viral hepatitis. Chinese J Hepatology (Chinese). 2000, 6: 324-9. [http:\/\/wanfang.calis.edu.cn\/qikan\/periodical.articles\/zhgzbzz\/zhgz2000\/0006pdf\/000601.pdf]","journal-title":"Chinese J Hepatology (Chinese)"},{"key":"592_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21347","volume":"44","author":"R Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams R: Global challenges in liver disease. Hepatology. 2006, 44: 521-524. 10.1002\/hep.21347.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"592_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1607","volume":"37","author":"CD Campbell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Campbell CD, Ogburn EL, Lunetta KL, Lyon HN, Freedman ML, Groop LC, Altshuler D, Ardlie KG, Hirschhorn JN: Demonstrating stratification in a European American population. Nat Genet. 2005, 37: 868-872. 10.1038\/ng1607.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"592_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8091226","volume":"265","author":"ES Lander","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lander ES, Schork NJ: Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 1994, 265: 2037-2048. 10.1126\/science.8091226.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"592_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1086\/302959","volume":"67","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Rosenberg NA, Donnelly P: Association mapping in structured populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2000, 67: 170-181. 10.1086\/302959.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"592_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1919","volume":"7","author":"TA Manolio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Manolio TA, Bailey-Wilson JE, Collins FS: Genes, environment and the value of prospective cohort studies. Nature Review Genetics. 2006, 7: 812-820. 10.1038\/nrg1919.","journal-title":"Nature Review Genetics"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T09:20:39Z","timestamp":1630488039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1"}}