{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:30:57Z","timestamp":1787999457882,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]],"date-time":"2008-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia (PCP) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Epidemiology of PCP in the recent era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is not well known and the impact of HAART on outcome of PCP has been debated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To determine the epidemiology of PCP in HIV-infected patients and examine the impact of HAART on PCP outcome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We performed a retrospective cohort study of 262 patients diagnosed with PCP between January 2000 and December 2003 at a county hospital at an academic medical center. Death while in the hospital was the main outcome measure. Multivariate modeling was performed to determine predictors of mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall hospital mortality was 11.6%. Mortality in patients requiring intensive care was 29.0%. The need for mechanical ventilation, development of a pneumothorax, and low serum albumin were independent predictors of increased mortality. One hundred and seven patients received HAART before hospitalization and 16 patients were started on HAART while in the hospital. HAART use either before or during hospitalization was not associated with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall hospital mortality and mortality predictors are similar to those reported earlier in the HAART era. PCP diagnoses in HAART users likely represented failing HAART regimens or non-compliance with HAART.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,25]],"date-time":"2008-09-25T21:55:42Z","timestamp":1222379742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia in hospitalized patients from 2000 through 2003"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Saba","family":"Radhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"709_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200204010-00010","volume":"29","author":"GJ Dore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dore GJ, Li Y, McDonald A, Ree H, Kaldo JM: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on individual AIDS-defining illness incidence and survival in Australia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002, 29: 388-395.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"709_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301","volume":"338","author":"FJ Palella Jr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 853-860. 10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"709_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1086\/313843","volume":"30","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, Frederick T, Bertolli J, Lindegren ML, Holmberg S, Jones JL: Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30 (Suppl 1): S5-14. 10.1086\/313843.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"709_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02504-6","volume":"356","author":"A Mocroft","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mocroft A, Katlama C, Johnson AM, Pradier C, Antunes F, Mulcahy F, Chiesi A, Phillips AN, Kirk O, Lundgren JD: AIDS across Europe, 1994\u201398: the EuroSIDA study. Lancet. 2000, 356: 291-296. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02504-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"709_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00008","volume":"15","author":"R Detels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Detels R, Tarwater P, Phair JP, Margolick J, Riddler SA, Munoz A: Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapies on the incidence of opportunistic infections before and after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS. 2001, 15: 347-355. 10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00008.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"709_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.030985","volume":"10","author":"A Morris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, Walzer PD, Hanson DL, Frederick T, Huang L, Beard CB, Kaplan JE: Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004, 10: 1713-1720.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"709_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.9906072","volume":"161","author":"AM Arozullah","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arozullah AM, Yarnold PR, Weinstein RA, Nwadiaro N, McIlraith TB, Chmiel JS, Sipler AM, Chan C, Goetz MB, Schwartz DN, et al: A new preadmission staging system for predicting inpatient mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 161: 1081-1086.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"709_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909014","volume":"162","author":"RJ Curtis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Curtis RJ, Yarnold PR, Schwartz DN, Weinstein RA, Bennett CL: Improvements in outcomes of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 393-398.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"709_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200301030-00010","volume":"17","author":"A Morris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, Turner J, Huang L: Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS. 2003, 17: 73-80. 10.1097\/00002030-200301030-00010.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"709_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066605281087","volume":"20","author":"H Khouli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khouli H, Afrasiabi A, Shibli M, Hajal R, Barrett CR, Homel P: Outcome of critically ill human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Intensive Care Med. 2005, 20: 327-333. 10.1177\/0885066605281087.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"709_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.138","volume":"118","author":"B Afessa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Afessa B, Green B: Clinical course, prognostic factors, and outcome prediction for HIV patients in the ICU. The PIP (Pulmonary complications, ICU support, and prognostic factors in hospitalized patients with HIV) study. Chest. 2000, 118: 138-145. 10.1378\/chest.118.1.138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"709_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17100870","volume":"17","author":"C Alves","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alves C, Nicolas JM, Miro JM, Torres A, Agusti C, Gonzalez J, Rano A, Benito N, Moreno A, Garcia F, et al: Reappraisal of the aetiology and prognostic factors of severe acute respiratory failure in HIV patients. Eur Respir J. 2001, 17: 87-93. 10.1183\/09031936.01.17100870.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"709_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199906000-00030","volume":"27","author":"JP Bedos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bedos JP, Dumoulin JL, Gachot B, Veber B, Wolff M, Regnier B, Chevret S: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring intensive care management: survival and prognostic study in 110 patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Crit Care Med. 1999, 27: 1109-1115. 10.1097\/00003246-199906000-00030.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"709_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.2.506","volume":"107","author":"VA De Palo","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Palo VA, Millstein BH, Mayo PH, Salzman SH, Rosen MJ: Outcome of intensive care in patients with HIV infection. Chest. 1995, 107: 506-510. 10.1378\/chest.107.2.506.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"709_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.055905","volume":"61","author":"RF Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller RF, Allen E, Copas A, Singer M, Edwards SG: Improved survival for HIV infected patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is independent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thorax. 2006, 61: 716-721. 10.1136\/thx.2005.055905.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"709_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1293.2002.00115.x","volume":"3","author":"SM Barry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barry SM, Lipman MC, Deery AR, Johnson MA, Janossy G: Immune reconstitution pneumonitis following Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected subjects. HIV Med. 2002, 3: 207-211. 10.1046\/j.1468-1293.2002.00115.x.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"709_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1086\/379512","volume":"37","author":"JP Parada","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parada JP, Deloria-Knoll M, Chmiel JS, Arozullah AM, Phan L, Ali SN, Goetz MB, Weinstein RA, Campo R, Jacobson J, et al: Relationship between health insurance and medical care for patients hospitalized with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1995\u20131997: Medicaid, bronchoscopy, and survival. Clin Infect Dis. 2003, 37: 1549-1555. 10.1086\/379512.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"709_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.1.312","volume":"172","author":"CL Bennett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bennett CL, Horner RD, Weinstein RA, Kessler HA, Dickinson GM, Pitrak DL, Gilman SC, George WL, Cohn SE, Simberkoff MS, et al: Empirically treated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Los Angeles, Chicago, and Miami: 1987\u20131990. J Infect Dis. 1995, 172: 312-315.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"709_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02600183","volume":"11","author":"RS Phillips","year":"1996","unstructured":"Phillips RS, Hamel MB, Teno JM, Bellamy P, Broste SK, Califf RM, Vidaillet H, Davis RB, Muhlbaier LH, Connors AF: Race, resource use, and survival in seriously ill hospitalized adults. The SUPPORT Investigators. J Gen Intern Med. 1996, 11: 387-396. 10.1007\/BF02600183.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"709_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910143411606","volume":"341","author":"PB Bach","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bach PB, Cramer LD, Warren JL, Begg CB: Racial differences in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341: 1198-1205. 10.1056\/NEJM199910143411606.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"709_CR21","first-page":"317","volume":"97","author":"AG Bertoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bertoni AG, Goonan KL, Bonds DE, Whitt MC, Goff DC, Brancati FL: Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiac catheterization for acute myocardial infarction in the United States, 1995\u20132001. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005, 97: 317-323.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"709_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430150042005","volume":"155","author":"CL Bennett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bennett CL, Horner RD, Weinstein RA, Dickinson GM, DeHovitz JA, Cohn SE, Kessler HA, Jacobson J, Goetz MB, Simberkoff M, et al: Racial differences in care among hospitalized patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Raleigh-Durham. Arch Int Med. 1995, 155: 1586-1592. 10.1001\/archinte.155.15.1586.","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"key":"709_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.5.7952557","volume":"150","author":"JR Curtis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Curtis JR, Greenberg DL, Hudson LD, Fisher LD, Krone MR, Collier AC: Changing use of intensive care for HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994, 150: 1305-1310.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"709_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.3.704","volume":"118","author":"NG Mansharamani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mansharamani NG, Garland R, Delaney D, Koziel H: Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states. Chest. 2000, 118: 704-711. 10.1378\/chest.118.3.704.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"709_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.2.251","volume":"143","author":"RM Wachter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wachter RM, Russi MB, Bloch DA, Hopewell PC, Luce JM: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure in AIDS. Improved outcomes and increased use of intensive care units. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991, 143: 251-256.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"709_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.4.541","volume":"160","author":"G Nickas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nickas G, Wachter RM: Outcomes of intensive care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 2000, 160: 541-547. 10.1001\/archinte.160.4.541.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"709_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.00903.x","volume":"54","author":"JK Gill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gill JK, Greene L, Miller R, Pozniak A, Cartledge J, Fisher M, Nelson MR, Soni N: ICU admission in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus \u2013 a multicentre survey. Anaesthesia. 1999, 54: 727-732. 10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.00903.x.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"709_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.7.741","volume":"159","author":"DM Forrest","year":"1999","unstructured":"Forrest DM, Zala C, Djurdjev O, Singer J, Craib KJ, Lawson L, Russell JA, Montaner JS: Determinants of short- and long-term outcome in patients with respiratory failure caused by AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 1999, 159: 741-747. 10.1001\/archinte.159.7.741.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"709_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131301.55204.a7","volume":"18","author":"E Casalino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Casalino E, Wolff M, Ravaud P, Choquet C, Bruneel F, Regnier B: Impact of HAART advent on admission patterns and survival in HIV-infected patients admitted to an intensive care unit. AIDS. 2004, 18: 1429-1433. 10.1097\/01.aids.0000131301.55204.a7.","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T09:32:39Z","timestamp":1630488759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"118"}}