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This study focuses on the effect of treating schistosome infections on natural human immune responses directed against plasmodia merozoite surface proteins MSP-1 (DPKMWR, MSP1<jats:sub>19<\/jats:sub>), and MSP-2 (CH150 and Dd2) which are potential vaccine candidates as well as crude malaria (schizont) and schistosome (whole worm homogenate) proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IgG1 and IgG3 antibody responses directed against<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>crude adult worm antigen (WWH) and<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>antigens (merozoite surface proteins 1\/2 and schizont extract), were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 117 Zimbabweans (6\u201318 years old) exposed to<jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>infection. These responses were measured before and after anti-helminth treatment with praziquantel to determine the effects of treatment on anti-plasmodial\/schistosome responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no significant associations between antibody responses (IgG1\/IgG3) directed against<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>and schistosomes before treatment. Six weeks after schistosome treatment there were significant changes in levels of IgG1 directed against schistosome crude antigens, plasmodia crude antigens, MSP-1<jats:sub>19<\/jats:sub>, MSP-2 (Dd2), and in IgG3 directed against MSP-1<jats:sub>19<\/jats:sub>. However, only changes in anti-schistosome IgG1 were attributable to the anti-helminth treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no association between anti-<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S. haematobium antibody<\/jats:italic>responses in this population and<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>nti-helminth treatment affected only anti-schistosome responses and not responses against plasmodia crude antigens or MSP-1 and -2 vaccine candidates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,18]],"date-time":"2008-11-18T07:48:39Z","timestamp":1226994519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of treating Schistosoma haematobium infection on Plasmodium falciparum-specific antibody responses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Magkrioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DR","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6872","key":"749_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/415680a","volume":"415","author":"J Sachs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sachs J, Malaney P: The economic and social burden of malaria. 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