{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1791264913628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]],"date-time":"2008-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1211414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Quinolone resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      results mainly from mutations in type II DNA topoisomerase genes and\/or changes in the expression of outer membrane and efflux pumps. Several recent studies have indicated that plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms also play a significant role in fluoroquinolone resistance, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In China, the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in the clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been reported, but this transmissible quinolone resistance gene has not been detected in strains isolated singly from pediatric patients. Because quinolones associated with a variety of adverse side effects on children, they are not authorized for pediatric use. This study therefore aimed to investigate the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      from pediatric patients in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total 213 of non-repetitive clinical isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin from\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected from hospitalized patients at five children's hospital in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chongqing. The isolates were screened for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes of\n                      <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n                      by PCR. Transferability was examined by conjugation with the sodium azide-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      J53. All\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive were analyzed for clonality by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study found that 19 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were positive for the\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, and most of the\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive strains were ESBL producers. Conjugation experiments showed that quinolone resitance could be transferred to recipients. Apart from this, different DNA banding patterns were obtained by ERIC-PCR from positive strains, which means that most of them were not clonally related.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This report on transferable fluoroquinolone resistance due to the\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene among\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains indicated that plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance has emerged in pediatric patients in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]],"date-time":"2008-05-22T14:14:03Z","timestamp":1211465643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Presence of qnr gene in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to ciprofloxacin isolated from pediatric patients in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiulian","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuzhuang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki245","volume":"56","author":"P Nordmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nordmann P, Poirel L: Emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones in Enterobacteriaceae. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2005, 56 (3): 463-469. 10.1093\/jac\/dki245.","journal-title":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg222","volume":"51","author":"J Ruiz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ruiz J: Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2003, 51 (5): 1109-1117. 10.1093\/jac\/dkg222.","journal-title":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70599-0","volume":"6","author":"A Robicsek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robicsek A, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC: The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2006, 6 (10): 629-640. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70599-0.","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.118-125.2005","volume":"49","author":"JH Tran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tran JH, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC: Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (1): 118-125. 10.1128\/AAC.49.1.118-125.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1178-1182.2006","volume":"50","author":"GA Jacoby","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jacoby GA, Walsh KE, Mills DM, Walker VJ, Oh H, Robicsek A, Hooper DC: qnrB, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2006, 50 (4): 1178-1182. 10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1178-1182.2006.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01195-06","volume":"51","author":"JJ Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu JJ, Ko WC, Tsai SH, Yan JJ: Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QnrA, QnrB, and QnrS among clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae in a Taiwanese hospital. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2007, 51 (4): 1223-1227. 10.1128\/AAC.01195-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2242-2248.2003","volume":"47","author":"M Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang M, Tran JH, Jacoby GA, Zhang Y, Wang F, Hooper DC: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2003, 47 (7): 2242-2248. 10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2242-2248.2003.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.02.013","volume":"63","author":"CX Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang CX, Cai PQ, Guo Y, Huang ZM, Mi ZH: Emerging plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance associated with the qnrA gene in Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates in China. The Journal of hospital infection. 2006, 63 (3): 349-350. 10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.02.013.","journal-title":"The Journal of hospital infection"},{"key":"659_CR9","volume-title":"Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, Approved standard M7-A6","author":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards","year":"2003","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, Approved standard M7-A6. 2003, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA, 6","edition":"6"},{"issue":"8","key":"659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01647-05","volume":"50","author":"A Robicsek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Sahm DF, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC: qnr prevalence in ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the United States. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2006, 50 (8): 2872-2874. 10.1128\/AAC.01647-05.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01193-06","volume":"73","author":"JL Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith JL, Drum DJ, Dai Y, Kim JM, Sanchez S, Maurer JJ, Hofacre CL, Lee MD: Impact of antimicrobial usage on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli strains colonizing broiler chickens. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2007, 73 (5): 1404-1414. 10.1128\/AEM.01193-06.","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11011.x","volume":"206","author":"AA Khan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Khan AA, McCarthy S, Wang RF, Cerniglia CE: Characterization of United States outbreak isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and development of a rapid PCR method for detection of O3:K6 isolates. FEMS microbiology letters. 2002, 206 (2): 209-214. 10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11011.x.","journal-title":"FEMS microbiology letters"},{"issue":"7","key":"659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.3001-3003.2005","volume":"49","author":"A Robicsek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robicsek A, Sahm DF, Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC: Broader distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in the United States. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (7): 3001-3003. 10.1128\/AAC.49.7.3001-3003.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3523-3525.2005","volume":"49","author":"L Poirel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Poirel L, Rodriguez-Martinez JM, Mammeri H, Liard A, Nordmann P: Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (8): 3523-3525. 10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3523-3525.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00070-07","volume":"51","author":"V Cattoir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cattoir V, Poirel L, Mazel D, Soussy CJ, Nordmann P: Vibrio splendidus as the source of plasmid-mediated QnrS-like quinolone resistance determinants. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2007, 51 (7): 2650-2651. 10.1128\/AAC.00070-07.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070677","volume":"14","author":"V Cattoir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cattoir V, Poirel L, Aubert C, Soussy CJ, Nordmann P: Unexpected occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in environmental Aeromonas spp. Emerging infectious diseases. 2008, 14 (2): 231-237.","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00597-06","volume":"50","author":"L Poirel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poirel L, Leviandier C, Nordmann P: Prevalence and genetic analysis of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QnrA and QnrS in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a French university hospital. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2006, 50 (12): 3992-3997. 10.1128\/AAC.00597-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"20","key":"659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6686","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01054-07","volume":"73","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmed AM, Motoi Y, Sato M, Maruyama A, Watanabe H, Fukumoto Y, Shimamoto T: Zoo animals as reservoirs of gram-negative bacteria harboring integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2007, 73 (20): 6686-6690. 10.1128\/AEM.01054-07.","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"659_CR19","unstructured":"WHO: Use of quinolones in food animals and potential impact on human health. WHO\/EMC\/IDI\/98.10."},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.2146-2147.2005","volume":"49","author":"H Nazic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nazic H, Poirel L, Nordmann P: Further identification of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant in Enterobacteriaceae in Turkey. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (5): 2146-2147. 10.1128\/AAC.49.5.2146-2147.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.3091-3094.2005","volume":"49","author":"L Poirel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Poirel L, Loo Van De M, Mammeri H, Nordmann P: Association of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase VEB-1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (7): 3091-3094. 10.1128\/AAC.49.7.3091-3094.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"11","key":"659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00456-06","volume":"50","author":"YT Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen YT, Shu HY, Li LH, Liao TL, Wu KM, Shiau YR, Yan JJ, Su IJ, Tsai SF, Lauderdale TL: Complete nucleotide sequence of pK245, a 98-kilobase plasmid conferring quinolone resistance and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase activity in a clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2006, 50 (11): 3861-3866. 10.1128\/AAC.00456-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.773-775.2005","volume":"49","author":"D Jonas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jonas D, Biehler K, Hartung D, Spitzmuller B, Daschner FD: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in isolates obtained in german intensive care units. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (2): 773-775. 10.1128\/AAC.49.2.773-775.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2522-2524.2005","volume":"49","author":"JY Jeong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeong JY, Yoon HJ, Kim ES, Lee Y, Choi SH, Kim NJ, Woo JH, Kim YS: Detection of qnr in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Korea. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2005, 49 (6): 2522-2524. 10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2522-2524.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T05:19:09Z","timestamp":1630473549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-8-68","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"68"}}