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Nevertheless other genital microorganisms may be involved in the progression of HPV associated lesions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cervical samples were collected to search for human Papillomavirus (HPV), bacteria and yeast infections in gynaecologic outpatients. HPV typing was carried out by PCR and sequencing on cervical brush specimens. <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> was identified by strand displacement amplification (SDA) and the other microorganisms were detected by conventional methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study on 857 enrolled outpatients, statistical analyses revealed a significant association of HPV with <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ureaplasma urealyticum (<\/jats:italic>at high density) detection, whereas no correlation was found between HPV infection and bacterial vaginosis, <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, yeasts, <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Mycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic> was isolated only in a few cases both in HPV positive and negative women and no patient was infected with <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although bacterial vaginosis was not significantly associated with HPV, it was more common among the HPV positive women. A significant association between HPV and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> was found and interestingly also with <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic> but only at a high colonization rate. These data suggest that it may be important to screen for the simultaneous presence of different microorganisms which may have synergistic pathological effects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]],"date-time":"2009-02-12T22:33:06Z","timestamp":1234477986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Human Papillomaviruses and genital co-infections in gynaecological outpatients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rosita","family":"Verteramo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pierangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Calzolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Nicosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Chiarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Marta","family":"Degener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"781_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.6.E2","volume":"95","author":"MH Schiffman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schiffman MH, Castle P: Epidemiologic studies of a necessary causal risk factor: human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia. 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